tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-75131025869183893912024-02-28T16:44:37.884-07:00Swift's Gardening Blog - Swift Horticultural Enterprises, LLCdba: Swift Horticultural Consulting and High Altitude Lavender
<br>* Landscape & Plant Problem Diagnosis * Soil Test Evaluations & Recommendations <br>* Lavender Buds, Hydrosols & Essential Oils * Private & Commercial Pesticide Applicator Training * Pesticide Applicator Technician Training * Irrigation system inspections and AuditsCurtis Swifthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04955769955418470118noreply@blogger.comBlogger131125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7513102586918389391.post-62723734083308241742014-03-28T16:28:00.001-06:002014-04-15T11:02:28.314-06:00Pesticide Applicator Mail-in Registration<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><a href="http://swiftsgardeningblog.blogspot.com/2014/03/may-9-pesticide-applicator-training.html">Pesticide Applicator Training Workshop</a> </span></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;">Friday, May 9, 2014</span></div>
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<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;">Mail-in Registration Form</span>
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If you do not wish to register <a href="http://fs11.formsite.com/CurtisSwift/form1/index.html">on-line</a>, complete and return this form with your check to:
Swift Horticultural Enterprises LLC, 450 Hill Avenue, Grand Junction, CO 81501.<br />
<br />
Your contact information: Name ___________________________________; <br />
Physical Address _________________________________________________________________; Email__________________________________<br />
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<th scope="col" width="30"> </th>
<th scope="col" width="10">Number Attending</th>
<th scope="col" width="30">Subtotal $</th>
</tr>
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<th align="left" scope="row">Full Day - $150 per person - lunch provided</th>
<td> </td>
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</tr>
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<th align="left" height="85" scope="row">Afternoon sessions - $100 per person</th>
<td> </td>
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<th align="left" scope="row">All morning sessions - $75 per person<br />
Required for Private Applicators </th>
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</tr>
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<th align="right" scope="row">Totals</th>
<td> </td>
<td><div style="text-align: center;">
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<p> Please list those who will be attending.</p>Curtis Swifthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04955769955418470118noreply@blogger.com5tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7513102586918389391.post-37391007958064055652014-03-28T15:05:00.000-06:002014-04-15T11:00:05.524-06:00May 9 Pesticide Applicator Training Workshop <div align="center">
<strong>Spring Pesticide Applicator Workshop <br />
Colorado Department of Agriculture Workshop 14095<br />
Friday, May 9, 2014<br />
Country Inn, 718 Horizon Drive, Grand Junction, CO 81506</strong><br />
<strong>Contact Person: Dr. Curtis Swift, 970.778.7866</strong>
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<strong>Private Pesticide Applicators</strong> are required to obtain Certified Education Credits (CECs) to maintain your certification or retake the test. The morning program will provide the credits you need so you don’t need to take the test. <br />
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<strong>Commercial Pesticide Applicators</strong>. If you charge a fee to apply pesticides you are required to be certified and receive CECs to maintain that certification. Unless you have obtained the credits offered during the morning sessions within the past three years, you require those credits as well. The afternoon sessions are specific to the category or categories shown on your license. If you need credits for categories not provided during this training please contact <a href="mailto:Curtis.Swift@alumni.colostate.edu">Curtis Swift</a> or <a href="mailto:sunspun101@aol.com">Jude Sirota</a> to arrange for those credits. We can also provide training via Skype for additional categories. <br />
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<strong>Pesticide Application Technicians</strong> working for your company require classroom training with the number of hours required based on the employee’s category: application, sales, combination application and sales, new hire, or on-going. The training provided in this workshop will provide some or all of the required hours. The required documentation for attendance will also be provided. The <strong>paperwork</strong> to certify attendance at this workshop will be forwarded to the Colorado Department of Agriculture upon completion of the training. Attendees will receive a copy of the attendance verification form for their records.<br />
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<strong>Note</strong>: This training does not pay the renewal fee for your license. <br />
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The on-line registration form is at <a href="http://fs11.formsite.com/CurtisSwift/form1/index.html">http://fs11.formsite.com/CurtisSwift/form1/index.html</a></div>
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If you do not have internet access, complete the <a href="http://swiftsgardeningblog.blogspot.com/2014/03/pesticide-appilcator-mail-in.html">mail-in registration form</a> and snail mail or email it to Swift Horticultural Enterprises, 450 Hill Ave, Grand Junction, CO 81501.
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<strong>Online payment is through PayPal</strong>. You do not need a PayPal account to pay online, but it does require a credit card.</div>
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<div align="center">
<strong>Spring Pesticide Applicator Workshop <br />
Colorado Department of Agriculture Workshop <br />
Friday, May 9, 2014<br />
Country Inn, 718 Horizon Drive, Grand Junction, CO 81506</strong>
<br />
<div align="left">
<strong>Speakers: <br />
Curtis Swift, Ph.D. (QS # 00019) <br />
Jude Sirota (QS # 00759)</strong></div>
<div align="left">
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<strong>Morning Sessions</strong><br />
8:15 – 9:15 <u><strong>Laws and Regulation</strong> </u><br />
Laws and Regulations - ½ hr; Swift – Requirements and Forms for Commercial, Limited Commercial, or Public Applicator Licensing<br />
Laws and Regulations – ½ hr; Sirota – Update on the Pesticide Applicator's Act, changes in the Act and how they affect you as an applicator <br />
9:15 – 9:45 <u><strong>Applicator Safety</strong></u> – ½ hr; Swift – Use and maintenance of personal protective clothing and safety equipment. Material Safety Data Sheets and label requirements.<br />
9:45 – 10:15 <u><strong>Pesticides and Their Families</strong></u> – ½ hr; Sirota – Pesticide Families and their Mode of Action. Mode-of-action-based management to prevent pesticide resistance.</div>
10:15 – 10:30 Break<br />
10:30 – 11:00 <u><strong>Environmental Protection</strong></u> – ½ hr; Sirota – Mindful Spraying: Where does a droplet go? A discussion about where the spray goes once it has left the nozzle.<br />
11:00 – 11:30 <u><strong>Public Safety</strong></u> - ½ hr; Swift - Safe methods of handling pesticides during transportation, storage, mixing and loading, application, and cleanup equipment that must be available<br />
11:30 – 12:00 <u><strong>Use of Pesticides</strong></u> – ½ hr; Sirota – Basics of IPM: Decision making for pesticide applications.<br />
12:00 – 12:45 – Lunch<br />
<strong>Afternoon Sessions</strong><br />
Pest Management - Breakout Room #<strong>1 </strong><br />
12:45 – 1:45 <strong><u>Ornamentals 207</u></strong>; Swift – Boring Insects – Beetles, moths, wasps, and other boring insects. How to identify their damage and control options.<br />
1:45 – 2:45 <strong><u>Ornamentals 207</u></strong>; Swift – Pests of Woody Plants – Aphids, Mites, Scales, and Gallmakers. Identification strategies and control options to include cultural.<br />
2:45 – 3:00 Afternoon Break<br />
3:00 – 4:00 <strong><u>Turf Pests 206</u></strong>; Swif<u>t</u> – Diseases of cool-season grasses - Identification and control strategies to include cultural and chemical management.<br />
4:00 – 5:00 <strong><u>Turf Pests 206</u></strong>; Swift – Weed control in cool-season grasses and ornamental plants - Differentiating between broadleaf and grassy weeds and their control; specific info will be provided on treating weeds in ornamental beds. <br />
Pest Management - Breakout Room #2 <br />
12:45 – 1:45 <strong><u> Rangeland Pest Control (107) / Industrial Right-of-Way Weed Control (109</u></strong><strong><u>)</u></strong><strong>; Sirota</strong> – Managing noxious weeds while protecting endangered/threatened native plants. <strong>Note:</strong> one credit for one or the other category will be awarded for attending this session. <br />
1:45 – 2:45 <strong><u>Agricultural Insect Control 101; Sirota</u></strong>– Reducing pesticide use in agricultural crops: an overview of methodologies including (but not limited to) pesticide selection, reduced rates, crop rotation, trap cropping, managing the environment.<br />
2:45 – 3:00 – Afternoon Break<br />
3:00 – 4:00 <strong><u>Residential and Commercial Pest Control 304</u></strong>; Sirota – Cockroach Biology and Control. <br />
4:00 – 5:00 <strong><u>Residential and Commercial Pest Control (304)</u>;</strong> Sirota<strong> </strong>– What’s biting your client? Review of biting and stinging insects in and around buildings: identification, biology and management. <br />
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Curtis Swifthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04955769955418470118noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7513102586918389391.post-36465220325905511412013-06-07T13:59:00.001-06:002013-06-07T14:01:39.870-06:00<h1>
Identifying landscape sprinkler and drip irrigation system problems</h1>
<strong>Curtis Swift, Ph.D., Irrigation Association certified Professional Landscape Irrigation Auditor
</strong><br />
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Identifying and correcting problems with your landscape sprinkler and drip irrigation systems can often reduce water use while improving the overall health of the plant material in your landscape. The services I provide are designed to accomplish these two goals. If you need further information please give me a call at 970.778.7866 or send me an email at <a href="mailto:Curtis.Swift@alumni.colostate.edu">Curtis.Swift@alumni.colostate.edu</a>. <br />
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Inspection of sprinkler system and recommendations – written recommendations available.<br />
<ul>
<li> Filtration
<li> Pressure test of system
<li> Placement of sprinkler heads
<li> Head and nozzle check
<li> Low head drainage inspection
</li>
</li>
</li>
</li>
</li>
</ul>
Adjustment of irrigation controller frequencies and run times based on reported precipitation rate of nozzles<br />
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Irrigation audit –an in-depth determination of efficiency of the sprinkler system to fine-tune irrigation schedules and run times.<br />
<ul>
<li> Conducted after correction of system problems noted above
<li> Adjustment of irrigation clock based on:
<li> Precipitation and distribution uniformity
<li> Turf root depth
<li>Soil texture
<li> Exposure
<li> Condition of turf
<li> ET – evapotranspiration</li>
</li>
</li>
</li>
</li>
</li>
</li>
</li>
</ul>
Inspection of drip and micro irrigation system<br />
<ul>
<li> Flow rate and distribution
<li> Pressure check
<li> Filtration
<li> Emitter placement</li>
</li>
</li>
</li>
</ul>
Training of personnel on the above concepts and techniques.<br />
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Identification of and recommendations for turf, tree, shrub, and flower problems.<br />
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Soil sampling and testing for turf, trees, and flowers.<br />
<ul>
<li> Recommendations specific to the plant material based on soil test results
<li> Nutrient needs
<li> Fertility schedule
<li> Recommendations on other soil issues - soluble salts, organic matter content, pH, etc.</li>
</li>
</li>
</li>
</ul>
<strong>Fees:</strong><br />
<ul>
<li>Hourly consulting fee- $75 charged in one hour increments.
<li>Training fee – hourly fee plus $20 @ person when more than two.
<li> Outside, hands-on, and class room training (PowerPoint) available.
<li>Soil testing – hourly fee plus $45 per sample collected and analyzed. Includes recommendations.
<li>Mileage fee – $75 per hour travel time one way when consultation is outside the Grand Valley of western Colorado (Mack to Palisade).
<li>Lodging and meals on multiday assignments or more than eight (8) hours (depending on return distance from Grand Junction).
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Curtis Swifthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04955769955418470118noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7513102586918389391.post-40174659487525719092013-03-21T10:28:00.000-06:002013-03-21T10:28:44.590-06:00Medical Marijuana – pesticides and patient healthOne hundred and eighty thousand Colorado residents hold a <a href="http://www.colorado.gov/cs/Satellite/CDPHE-CHEIS/CBON/1251593017044">valid medical marijuana registry card</a> and two thousand one hundred and forty-five of those patients live in Mesa County. (http://www.colorado.gov/cs/Satellite/CDPHE-CHEIS/CBON/1251593017044) Many have designated a primary care-giver (someone who has significant responsibility for managing the care of a patient) which may involve the growing of marijuana as part of their responsibility.
<p>
Even though the medical use of Cannabis has been legal since Colorado’s patient registry was established on June 1, 2001, there are no pesticides labeled for use on this crop. In other words, you cannot legally treat these plants for the insect, mite, and disease pests that infest medical marijuana. Root aphid, powdery mildew, viruses, and botrytis are problems I’ve noticed in the facilities I’ve worked with and the lack of approved pesticides is a concern.
<p>
Without legal approved products growers use whatever is available. Some of these products result in contamination putting the patient’s health at risk. Growers in the know are using biopesticides, products that are relatively safe and should be labeled for use on Cannabis. These natural materials typically are very specific to the pest and of minor consequence to the patient due to their short residue and low mammalian toxicity. Some biopesticides are even approved for organic use and would be the best products to use when legalized for use in the production of marijuana. Thankfully there is an on-going effort to register some pesticides for use on Cannabis in Colorado.
<p>
In addition to the concern about the illegal use of pesticides and patient safety, growers also need to be aware of the <a href="http://www.epa.gov/agriculture/twor.html">Worker Protection Standard</a> (WPS). Even if a pesticide is used illegally, WPS can still apply. Next time you pick up a bottle of a pesticide check the label to see if it mentions WPS on the label. While this does not apply to homeowners, it does apply to agricultural employers. Growers who hire workers to assist in the production of Cannabis or any other crop are required to abide by WPS to ensure their workers receive information and training on how to avoid exposure to pesticides and pesticide residues. While these standards exempt immediate family members of the grower, i.e. spouse, siblings, parents, or children, if an uncle is hired to assist in the business, he must receive this training or the grower is in violation of this requirement. WPS is a way to protect the unsuspecting from contamination and the grower from a lawsuit.
<p>
<a href="http://www.bioworksinc.com/products/mycotrol-o.php">Mycotrol O</a>, an organic product containing <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beauveria_bassiana"><i>Beauveria bassiana</i></a>, is a great product for aphids. <i>Beauveria bassiana</i> is a soil-inhabiting fungus that feeds on insects. The Restricted Entry Interval (REI) is four hours during which time the grower, workers, and others should not enter the treated area unless they are wearing the appropriate protective equipment. Even though Mycotrol O can be applied up to the day of harvest, the Worker Protective Standard (WPS) requires anyone entering the treated area within thirty days of an application to have received training on decontamination, emergency assistance, emergency first aid, etc. There are eleven items required in the training. A record to keep track of everyone receiving the training is necessary. This requirement applies to caregivers who hire workers to help grow and process their products as well as every other agricultural producer.
<p>
To help keep agricultural growers legal, Jude Sirota and I will be conducting a workshop at the Country Inns on Horizon Drive in Grand Junction Colorado on May 9th 2013. Jude and I are certified as Qualified Pesticide Supervisors by the Colorado Department of Agriculture. Jude holds license number 00759 while my license number is 00019. This workshop will provide the training required for you to be WPS legal, as well as training for Colorado pesticide applicator <a href="http://www.colorado.gov/cs/Satellite/ag_Plants/CBON/1251623441207">technicians</a>, <a href="http://www.colorado.gov/cs/Satellite/ag_Plants/CBON/1251623440644">Certified Operators and Qualified Supervisors</a> for several categories. If you want to receive a brochure about this workshop or you would like a personal visit to your operation give me a call at 970.778.7866 or drop me an email at <a href="mailto:Curtis.Swift@alumni.colostate.eduhttp://">Curtis.Swift@alumni.colostate.edu</a>.
Curtis Swifthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04955769955418470118noreply@blogger.com6tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7513102586918389391.post-92067139266415369812013-03-01T16:14:00.002-07:002013-03-01T16:17:42.065-07:00Industrial Hemp in ColoradoHemp. I don’t know if I would suggest planting this crop this year, but it does seem like it might someday be another food and fiber crop that could be grown in our part of the country. The fibers from the stalks are used to make clothing often at a 55/45 hemp/cotton blend, hemp fibers are also blended with flax fibers to produce cloth and canvas. Hemp canvas covered the wagon carrying your ancestors across the plains and was used for the sails on sailing ships of old. The seed is pressed for its oil and used in soaps and shampoos, used in oil-based paints, plastics, moisturizing creams, and even for cooking. You can even buy soap made with a lavender/hemp blend. The seed was added to bird seed and I remember the old days when hemp/Marijuana would grow from seed birds kicked out of feeders.
The seeds have a high nutritional value full of essential amino acids and fatty acids your body craves. You can toss them into salads and use them in place of nuts in cooking. How about adding them to your bowl of oatmeal or grinding them up and adding them to a smoothie to increase the protein content. They are reported to be a great source of Vitamin E, dietary fiber, and important minerals like calcium, iron, magnesium and zinc. They are even recommended by registered dieticians. This sounds like the crop I should be growing. Except, it’s illegal. Right now!
You might even be driving a car made in part from fibers from this plant. Hemp is being mixed with plastics for use in door panels, glove boxes, and other parts of cars and trucks. I’m not sure but some of the fibers in local newspapers could be from hemp. After all the old term of rag referring to newspapers came from the reprocessing of cloth rags to create the paper upon which newspapers were printed; some of those cloth rags most likely contained hemp fibers.
Industrial hemp contains a very low content of THC, less than 1 percent, while the varieties of the plant used for recreational and medicinal purposes contains from three to over twenty percent. Countries that grow industrial hemp usually stick to varieties with less than 0.3 percent THC. The problem is distinguishing between the high THC varieties and those acceptable as industrial hemp.
Years ago I was involved with research studies of onion diseases in the Brighton Colorado area. Industrial hemp was a common ditch bank weed due to the production of this crop in past years. Today, however, any seed you purchase for this crop is required to be sterilized to prevent growth. Some of the studies of fungi during my graduate school experience used hemp seed in the growth media. The professor reminded us the seed had been cooked in an autoclave to discourage us from trying to grow them.
During World War II, the US Department of Agriculture promoted the growing of hemp for the war effort to manufacture rope, and cordage of all dimensions was needed. Every naval battle ship of the time required thirty-four thousand feet of hemp rope. Canvas made from hemp was needed and the supply of hemp from other countries was limited due to the war. Farmers were considered patriotic if they grew hemp, fifty thousand acres in 1943, and Extension agents from the land grant colleges like Colorado State University provided guidance on its cultivation. To grow hemp, farmers needed permission which they obtained through the Marihuana Tax Act of 1937. Four hundred thousand acres of hemp were grown for the war effort between 1942 and 1945. You might have noticed the spelling on the Tax Act of 1937 is different than how we spell I today. Marijuana is the accepted spelling of today.
Canada is one of the countries where industrial hemp is legal and heavily regulated and by July 1, 2014, Colorado should have regulations governing the “cultivation, processing, and sale of industrial hemp.” This is part of Amendment 64 Coloradan’s passed on November 6, 2012. Until the regulations are in place I would not suggest anyone get too excited about the commercial production of industrial hemp. The cost to abide by the regulations might outweigh the value of the crop. If however, you grow industrial hemp and create your own value-added products you might find this a profitable endeavor, unless the U.S. Attorney General gets involved.
This article originally appeared in the GJ Free Press Article on January 11, 2013.
Curtis Swifthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04955769955418470118noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7513102586918389391.post-30358923155303758622013-02-14T21:52:00.001-07:002013-02-14T21:54:16.007-07:00Starting Vegetable Transplants under lights<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Starting and growing
transplants under lights<br />
Curtis Swift, Swift Horticultural Enterprises, LLC<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Introduction:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Transplanting is the process of shifting of plants from
one place or growing medium to another. If done properly plant stress will be
minimized and the production of flowers, fruits, and foliage can be enhanced.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Starting your own transplants (seedlings) indoors under
lights or in a greenhouse where adequate light is available avoids problems with
direct seeding into garden soil where seedlings often have to battle their way through
soil crusts. Starting your own transplants can result in higher quality plants
and cultivars that are not available at local greenhouses or garden centers <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Starting plants indoors under lights the seeds germinate
under ideal conditions. Starting them at the proper time can extend the growing
season and create earlier harvest when compared with direct seeding in the
field. Transplants you grow are typically not exposed to the myriad of virus,
fungal or insect problems commercially-grown transplants may be exposed
to.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>While it is often difficult to
pinpoint when a transplant was exposed to a problem, the timing of symptom
development often leads one to suspect the origin of the infection was the
commercial greenhouse. Your goal is to produce vigorous and healthy plants
ready to be planted in the garden when conditions are appropriate.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Not all vegetables are worth the effort to start as
transplants. Even though you can grow them from seed in the home or greenhouse,
it is difficult to successfully transplant these to the garden. These include </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">carrots
and beets, leafy biennial herbs (dill), heading types of Chinese cabbage, and cucurbits
(cucumbers, pumpkins, squash); they don’t like their root systems disturbed. </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Radish, leaf lettuce, and spinach develop so quickly when
seeded in the garden starting them as transplants is not worth the effort. Radishes
are often ready to eat in fourteen days from the time of seeding. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Vegetables such as tomatoes, peppers, eggplant, okra, head
lettuce, and broccoli are typically started as transplants and that is where I
would suggest you focus your efforts. Sweet potato grown from rooted cuttings
is another vegetable that would benefit from being started in the home. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="Default" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Age affects transplant quality:</span></b><br />
<strong><span style="font-family: Arial;"></span></strong> </div>
<br />
<div class="Default" style="margin: 0in 0in 2.55pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Smaller,
stocky plants that have not started to bloom and/or set fruit adapt to the
garden more easily than leggy transplants or plants with small fruits. Tomato
plants four to five weeks old grow and produce a higher yield than older
transplants. The younger transplants often develop healthy root systems which
helps avoid problems with the splitting of the fruit and blossom-end rot common
when older transplants are used.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Using
younger plants does not guarantee these problems will be eliminated but helps control
these problems. The ideal plant is short and stocky, which for many transplants
will be about six inches tall and six inches wide. The table at the end of this
article provides the recommended age for vegetable transplants when planted
into your garden. Since transplants are more susceptible to cold than plants
direct-seeded to the garden, transplants are usually planted after the average
last spring freeze unless some form of frost protection is provided. If you know
that date, count back the number of weeks indicated on the table, add the
number of days needed for germination, and plant the seed accordingly. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="Default" style="margin: 0in 0in 2.55pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="Default" style="margin: 0in 0in 2.55pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Problems you need to
avoid:</span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><br />
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="Default" style="margin: 0in 0in 2.55pt;">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a><br /></div>
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Low
light, excessive levels of nitrogen, and high temperatures during transplant
development causes excessive stem elongated.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Such stems are more susceptible to diseases and breakage. In most cases
the diseases that attach young seedlings are the result of using soils
(planting media) that have not been properly pasteurized.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>If you insist on mixing your own planting
media for seedlings, it should be placed in the oven and cooked to eliminate
all the water-molds and other plant pathogenic organisms that live in that
soil. Pasteurization occurs when the soil is moist allowing heat to reach every
bit of soil. Forty-five minutes in a two-hundred degree oven usually does the
trick. If you have a temperature probe insert that into the center of the soil
mass and when the temperature reads one-hundred and eighty degrees for thirty
minutes the soil has been properly pasteurized.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Exceeding that temperature for longer than thirty minutes is not
recommended. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a><br />
<div class="Default" style="margin: 0in 0in 2.55pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiJolzJKrYZ-2ZGi30PoydL903WhRAaIYqNzjNU8PkrPbFOESxLeHjbxhLNYUuIb5IE6oSmPBst40RNvLCRMYc45Nsty5PK6aOroW7L3_ULyRt_KSwYlvEtJFAjP8CNfnS149rixhn39KBr/s1600/damping+off.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiJolzJKrYZ-2ZGi30PoydL903WhRAaIYqNzjNU8PkrPbFOESxLeHjbxhLNYUuIb5IE6oSmPBst40RNvLCRMYc45Nsty5PK6aOroW7L3_ULyRt_KSwYlvEtJFAjP8CNfnS149rixhn39KBr/s1600/damping+off.jpg" /></a></div>
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"></span><br />
<div class="Default" style="margin: 0in 0in 2.55pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="margin: 0in 0in 2.55pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"> <span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">
</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Damping-off is caused by fungi or fungal-like organisms
which attack the base of the stem next to the planting medium. Non-pasteurized
planting medium, the use of dirty flats, trays, or pots, and dirty tools are
often the cause. Fungus gnats can also carry some of these plant pathogens from
contaminated house plants to your seedlings. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">The
best planting medium for starting seedlings are the soil-less mixes.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>They are usually free of pests, have good
water-holding capacity, are well aerated and drain properly, and are low in
salts.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Some even have fertilizers added
to help keep your young seedlings perking along in a healthy condition.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This doesn’t mean however, you don’t have to
fertilize. <o:p></o:p></span></span>
<br />
<div class="Default" style="margin: 0in 0in 2.55pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Transplants
can be started in individual pots, cubes or open flats. When started in open
flats, the young seedlings will need to be pricked out (transplanted) and
repotted in individual pots when the seedlings have their first true leaves. Some
gardeners will do this by pulling the tiny plant out of the flat of planting
media by their seed leaves. This is a fast and easy way to do transplant a
large number of seedlings but can be damaging to the plant. Some gardeners remove
the tiny seedlings with sharpened Popsicle stick. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="Default" style="margin: 0in 0in 2.55pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Lights:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Plants grown without sufficient light are yellow or
lighter green than they should be.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>These
plants are said to be chlorotic. They stretch for the light, have thin stems,
and in general are not as healthy as plants grown with adequate light. Gardeners
who depend on natural light for the proper development of their seedlings cannot
produce quality transplants.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">The light used by plants comes in different frequencies
and the packets of energy carried by the different frequencies energize
different responses in the plant. Exposure to red light increases seed germination
while far-red light increases legginess. Since regular incandescent bulbs
produce more far-red light than fluorescent lights, the latter are preferred
for seedlings. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>To ensure adequate light
reaches all parts of the seedling, fluorescent lights should be placed no more
than four inches above the top of the plant. The plants need to be spaced far
enough apart so shade is not a problem. Full spectrum grow lights are recommended
if you have fixtures with only one tube but if you have a two-tube fixture one
cool-white and one warm-white tube provides the same spectrum of light. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">If you decide to use incandescent lights for your seedlings,
they need to be placed between one foot and three feet from the top of the
plants even then you might burn your seedlings unless you use bulbs
specifically designed for plants. The Spot Grow type incandescent bulbs are
said to provide the proper plant growth enhancing light characteristics. Plastic
sheeting is available designed to reduce the amount of far-red light and is an
option for those growing transplants with incandescent bulbs.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Temperature:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Plants placed on the window sill, while not providing adequate
light, also are subjected to large temperature fluctuations between day and
night and sunny and cloudy days. Temperatures cooler than optimum often increase
disease problems and can cause the development of rough fruit in tomatoes and
bolting (i.e. development of a seed stalk) in onions and other biennial
vegetables. Warmer than optimum temperatures can cause weak and spindly
seedlings. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Fertilizing
your transplants:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Nitrogen (N) is what your seedlings require to develop into
healthy transplants and different types of vegetable seedlings require
different rates and frequencies of applying nitrogen. Tomato seedlings need to
watered with fifty to one-hundred parts per million (ppm) of N or once a week
with water supplemented with two hundred and fifty to three hundred ppm of N. Peppers
prefer a daily watering containing one-hundred ppm of N, while cole crops
(cabbage, broccoli, cauliflower, etc.) prefer one-hundred to one-hundred and
fifty ppm of N per week. The vine crops (squash, pumpkin, etc.) need two to
four applications of one-hundred to one-hundred and fifty ppm of N per week.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ok, now that the amount of N these transplants require has
been provided, how do you mix up a solution containing one-hundred ppm of N?<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">When you purchase a granular or liquid fertilizer at a garden
center it will most like give the percentage of N along with the percentage of
phosphorus (P), potassium (K) and other nutrients.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The container may also give the parts per
million but this is seldom the case. The percentage of N in the product is easy
to convert to ppm as follows:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">10% = 100,000 ppm<br />
12% = 120,000 ppm<br />
15% = 150,000 ppm<br />
20% = 200,000 ppm<br />
and so forth.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Now that you know the ppm of N in the product you purchased,
you need to dilute with water to obtain the ppm of N needed by your seedlings. This
is quite easy to do with a liquid fertilizer as you are adding a liquid (the
fertilizer) to a liquid (the water). With a granular product you have to turn
the fertilizer into a liquid.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This is
done by adding it to water. Measure out a measured amount of water and add sufficient
dry fertilizer to double the level of the water in the container.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This will reduce the percentage of the
fertilizer by half; a 20% N dry fertilizer will then contain 10% N. <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">You will need a pipette, eye dropper, or small measuring cup
like those that come with cough syrup to dilute the fertilizer product to what
is needed by your seedlings. These are usually marked in milliliters and that
is what you need.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The formula you need to use is C<sub>i</sub> x V<sub>i </sub>=
C<sub>f</sub> x V<sub>f</sub> where<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">C = ppm<br />
V = volume in milliliters<br />
i = initial <br />
f = final <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">If you have a product that contains 12% N (120,000 ppm) and
need a final solution of 100 ppm of N, plug 120,000 into the formula at C<sub>i</sub>.
Let’s make one gallon of this mix. One gallon is 3,800 ml so the formula C<sub>i</sub>
x V<sub>i </sub>= C<sub>f</sub> x V<sub>f</sub> will look like this:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">120,000 ppm x Vi = 100 ppm x 3,800 ml. When you do the
computations you receive the number of milliliters (3.2) that need to be added
to one gallon of water to create a N solution of 100 ppm.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">If you want to make less than a gallon, plug the following
into V<sub>f</sub>:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1 quart = 950 ml<br />
1 pint = 475 ml<br />
1 cup = 240 ml<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">To make one gallon of a 100 ppm N fertilizer solution it
will take:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.8 ml of a 10% N fertilizer product<br />
3.2 ml of a 12% N fertilizer product<br />
2.5 ml of a 15% N fertilizer product<br />
1.9 ml of a 20% N fertilizer product<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hopefully this article helps you grow healthy vegetable
transplants. <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></b><br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Table 1<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<br />
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="3" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border: 1.5pt outset currentColor; mso-cellspacing: 1.5pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="background-color: transparent; border: rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 0.75pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Vegetable<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td colspan="3" style="background-color: transparent; border: rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 0.75pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Soil
Temperature for seed Germination <sup>1</sup><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background-color: transparent; border: rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 0.75pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Time
Required<br />
for growing Plants<br />
for Field Transplanting <sup>4</sup><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="background-color: transparent; border: rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 0.75pt;"></td>
<td style="background-color: transparent; border: rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 0.75pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Optimum
Range<br />
(<sup>o</sup>F)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background-color: transparent; border: rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 0.75pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Day
<b><sup>2</sup></b><br />
(<sup>o</sup>F) <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background-color: transparent; border: rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 0.75pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Night<br />
(<sup>o</sup>F)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background-color: transparent; border: rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 0.75pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Time<br />
(weeks)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="background-color: transparent; border: rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 0.75pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Asparagus<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background-color: transparent; border: rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 0.75pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">60
- 85<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background-color: transparent; border: rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 0.75pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">70
- 80<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background-color: transparent; border: rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 0.75pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">65
- 70<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background-color: transparent; border: rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 0.75pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">8
- 10<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td style="background-color: transparent; border: rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 0.75pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Broccoli<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background-color: transparent; border: rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 0.75pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">68
- 86<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background-color: transparent; border: rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 0.75pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">60
- 70<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background-color: transparent; border: rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 0.75pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">50
- 60<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background-color: transparent; border: rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 0.75pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5
- 7<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4;">
<td style="background-color: transparent; border: rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 0.75pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Brussel
Sprouts<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background-color: transparent; border: rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 0.75pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">75<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background-color: transparent; border: rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 0.75pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">60
- 70<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background-color: transparent; border: rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 0.75pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">50
- 60<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background-color: transparent; border: rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 0.75pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5
- 7<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 5;">
<td style="background-color: transparent; border: rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 0.75pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Cabbage<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background-color: transparent; border: rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 0.75pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">45
- 95<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background-color: transparent; border: rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 0.75pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">60
- 70<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background-color: transparent; border: rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 0.75pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">50
- 60<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background-color: transparent; border: rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 0.75pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5
- 7<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 6;">
<td style="background-color: transparent; border: rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 0.75pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Cauliflower<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background-color: transparent; border: rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 0.75pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">45
- 85<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background-color: transparent; border: rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 0.75pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">60
- 70<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background-color: transparent; border: rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 0.75pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">50
- 60<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background-color: transparent; border: rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 0.75pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5
- 7<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 7;">
<td style="background-color: transparent; border: rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 0.75pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Celery<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background-color: transparent; border: rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 0.75pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">60
- 70<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background-color: transparent; border: rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 0.75pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">65
- 75<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background-color: transparent; border: rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 0.75pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">60
- 65<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background-color: transparent; border: rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 0.75pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">10
- 12<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 8;">
<td style="background-color: transparent; border: rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 0.75pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Corn,
Sweet<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background-color: transparent; border: rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 0.75pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">60
- 95<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background-color: transparent; border: rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 0.75pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">70
- 75<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background-color: transparent; border: rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 0.75pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">60
- 65<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background-color: transparent; border: rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 0.75pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3
- 4<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 9;">
<td style="background-color: transparent; border: rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 0.75pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Cucumber<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background-color: transparent; border: rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 0.75pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">60
- 95<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background-color: transparent; border: rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 0.75pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">70
- 75<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background-color: transparent; border: rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 0.75pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">60
- 65<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background-color: transparent; border: rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 0.75pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3
- 4<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 10;">
<td style="background-color: transparent; border: rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 0.75pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Eggplant<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background-color: transparent; border: rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 0.75pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">75
- 90<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background-color: transparent; border: rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 0.75pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">70
- 80<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background-color: transparent; border: rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 0.75pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">65
- 70<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background-color: transparent; border: rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 0.75pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">6
- 8<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 11;">
<td style="background-color: transparent; border: rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 0.75pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Lettuce<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background-color: transparent; border: rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 0.75pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">40
- 80<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background-color: transparent; border: rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 0.75pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">55
- 65<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background-color: transparent; border: rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 0.75pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">50
- 55<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background-color: transparent; border: rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 0.75pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5
- 7<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 12;">
<td style="background-color: transparent; border: rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 0.75pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Muskmelon<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background-color: transparent; border: rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 0.75pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">75
- 95<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background-color: transparent; border: rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 0.75pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">70
- 75<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background-color: transparent; border: rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 0.75pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">60
- 65<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background-color: transparent; border: rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 0.75pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3
- 4<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 13;">
<td style="background-color: transparent; border: rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 0.75pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Okra<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background-color: transparent; border: rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 0.75pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">85
- 95 <b><sup>3</sup></b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background-color: transparent; border: rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 0.75pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">70
- 75<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background-color: transparent; border: rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 0.75pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">65
- 70<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background-color: transparent; border: rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 0.75pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4
- 6<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 14;">
<td style="background-color: transparent; border: rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 0.75pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Onion<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background-color: transparent; border: rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 0.75pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">50
- 95<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background-color: transparent; border: rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 0.75pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">60
- 65<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background-color: transparent; border: rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 0.75pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">55
- 60<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background-color: transparent; border: rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 0.75pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">10
- 12<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 15;">
<td style="background-color: transparent; border: rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 0.75pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pepper<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background-color: transparent; border: rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 0.75pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">65
- 95<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background-color: transparent; border: rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 0.75pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">65
- 75<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background-color: transparent; border: rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 0.75pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">60
- 65<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background-color: transparent; border: rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 0.75pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">6
- 8<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 16;">
<td style="background-color: transparent; border: rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 0.75pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Squash
/ Pumpkin<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background-color: transparent; border: rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 0.75pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">70
- 95<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background-color: transparent; border: rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 0.75pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">70
- 75<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background-color: transparent; border: rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 0.75pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">60
- 65<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background-color: transparent; border: rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 0.75pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3
- 4<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 17;">
<td style="background-color: transparent; border: rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 0.75pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tomato<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background-color: transparent; border: rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 0.75pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">60
- 85<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background-color: transparent; border: rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 0.75pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">65
- 75<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background-color: transparent; border: rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 0.75pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">60
- 65<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background-color: transparent; border: rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 0.75pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5
- 7<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 18; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="background-color: transparent; border: rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 0.75pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Watermelon<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background-color: transparent; border: rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 0.75pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">70
- 95<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background-color: transparent; border: rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 0.75pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">70
- 80<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background-color: transparent; border: rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 0.75pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">65
- 70<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background-color: transparent; border: rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 0.75pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3
- 4<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
</span><br />
<hr align="center" size="3" width="100%" />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
</span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1. Adjust temperatures slightly to
alter growth rates.<br />
2. Select the lower temperature on cloudy days. Daily fluctuations to 60<sup>o</sup>
F. or lower at night is essential for some vegetables.<br />
3. A hard seed coat prevents good germination. Treatment of seeds with
concentrated sulfuric acid for 2-3 hours or soaking seeds in hot water (113 <sup>o</sup>
F) for 1 1/2 hours improves germination.<br />
4. Transplants older than recommended suffer more shock when transplanted to
the garden and often produce less of a crop over the course of the growing
season than transplants of the proper size and age. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
</span><br />
<hr align="center" size="3" width="100%" />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
</span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: yes;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="Picture_x0020_1" o:spid="_x0000_i1027" type="#_x0000_t75" alt="reference gif"
style='width:36pt;height:36pt;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'>
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\curtis\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image005.gif"
o:title="reference gif"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><!--[endif]--></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">References used:<br />
<br />
Lorenz, O.A., and D.N. Maynard. 1988. Knott's Handbook for Vegetable Growers,
Third Edition. Wiley-Interscience Publications<br />
Splittstoesser, W.E. 1984. Vegetable Growing Handbook, Second Edition. AVI Publishing
Company, Inc.<br />
Yamaguchi, M. 1983. World Vegetables; Principles, Production and Nutritive
Values. Van Nostrand Reinhold Company. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
Curtis Swifthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04955769955418470118noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7513102586918389391.post-42425482672728896882012-11-04T10:01:00.000-07:002012-11-14T19:24:19.161-07:00Pesticide Applicator Training Workshop December 14, 2012<h2>
Pesticide Applicator Training Workshop <br />
December 14, 2012</h2>
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<br />
<h3>
Country Inn, 718 Horizon Drive, Grand Junction, CO 81506</h3>
<h4>
Speakers – Curtis Swift, Ph.D. (QS # 00019) and Jude Sirota (QS # 00759) </h4>
<hr />
<strong>For more info Call Dr. Swift 970.778.7866</strong><br />
<hr />
<strong><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="why">Why you should Attend?</a> <br />
</strong><br />
Private Pesticide Applicators who apply restricted use pesticides are required to be certified by the Colorado Department of Agriculture. Continuing Education Credits are required to maintain this certification.
<br />
Commercial Pesticide Applicators, i.e those who apply pesticides for hire, are required to be certified by the Colorado Department of Agriculture and receive the required Continuing Education Credits to maintain that certification.
<br />
The morning sessions are required for Private Pesticide Applicators to maintain their certification.<br />
Commerical Pesticide Applicators also require the morning sessions. The afternoon sessions are for specific categories.
<br />
The paperwork necessary to certify attendance at these sessions will be forwarded to the Colorado Department of Agriculture upon completion of the training. Attendees will receive a copy of the attendance verification form for their records.<br />
<hr />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 4;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Registration
is Easy! The registration form is at the end of the program. <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<hr />
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="schedule"><span style="font-size: large;">The Schedule:</span></a>
<br />
<blockquote>
<strong><span style="color: black; font-family: inherit;">8:15 – 9:15 a.m. Laws and Regulations</span></strong><br />
<blockquote>
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="color: black;"><u>Laws and Regulations</u> – ½ hr; Dr. Swift –Requirements and Forms for Commercial, Limited Commercial, or Public Applicator Licensing. Each item will be discussed and samples of documents provided. </span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="color: black;"><u>Laws and Regulations</u> – ½ hr; Jude Sirota – EPA pesticide registration: cancellations and reregistration status.</span></span></blockquote>
<span style="color: black; font-family: inherit;">9:15 - 9:45 <u><strong>Applicator Safety</strong></u> – ½ hr; Curtis Swift – Use and maintenance of personal protective clothing and safety equipment. Material Safety Data Sheets and label requirements. </span><br />
<span style="color: black; font-family: inherit;">9:45 – 10:15 <u><strong>Pesticides and Their Families</strong></u> – ½ hr; Jude Sirota – Insecticide families and their mode of action. Mode-of-action-based management to prevent insecticide resistance.</span><br />
<span style="color: black; font-family: inherit;">10:15 – 10:30 <strong>Break</strong> </span><br />
<span style="color: black; font-family: inherit;">10:30 – 11:00 <u><strong>Environmental Protection</strong></u> – ½ hr; Jude Sirota – Dust storms and Hurricanes: How weather affects pesticide applications.</span><br />
<span style="color: black; font-family: inherit;">11:00 – 11:30 <u><strong>Public Safety</strong></u> - ½ hr; Curtis Swift - Safe methods of handling pesticides during transportation, storage, mixing and loading, application, and cleanup equipment that must be available.</span><br />
<span style="color: black; font-family: inherit;">11:30 – 12:00 <u><strong>Use of Pesticides</strong></u> – ½ hr; Jude Sirota – Choosing pesticide application techniques based on label requirements.</span><br />
<span style="color: black; font-family: inherit;"></span><br />
<span style="color: black; font-family: inherit;"></span><br />
<span style="color: black; font-family: inherit;"><hr />
</span><span style="color: black; font-family: inherit;">12:00 - 12:45 <strong>Lunch</strong> - provided for those paying for full day.</span><br />
<span style="color: black; font-family: inherit;"></span><br />
<span style="color: black; font-family: inherit;"></span><br />
<span style="color: black; font-family: inherit;"><hr />
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: inherit; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><strong></strong></span><br /></div>
</blockquote>
<span style="color: black; font-family: inherit;"> </span><br />
<blockquote>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><strong><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="color: black;">Pest Management: Breakout room #1 –
Curtis Swift<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></strong></span></div>
<span style="color: black; font-family: inherit;"></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">12:45 – 1:45 Turf Pests 206 – Diseases
of cool-season grasses - 1 hr<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Identification and control strategies
to include cultural and chemical management. </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1:45 – 2:45 Turf Pest
206 – Weed control in cool-season grasses and ornamental plants - 1 hr - </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Differentiating between broadleaf and
grassy weeds and their control; specific info will be provided on treating
weeds in ornamental beds.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="color: black;">2:45 – 3:00 – Break<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3:00 – 4:00 Ornamentals
207 - Pests of Woody Plants - Aphids, Mites, Scales, Gallmakers - 1 hr - </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Identification strategies and control
options to include cultural.<o:p></o:p></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4:00 – 5:00 Ornamentals 207 Pests of
Woody Plants -Defoliators, borers and bark beetles - 1 hr - </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Identification strategies and control
methods to include cultural.<o:p></o:p></span></span></span><br />
<span style="color: black; font-family: inherit;"></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: inherit; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><strong><span style="color: black; font-family: inherit; font-size: large;">Pest Management: Breakout room #2 –
Jude Sirota </span></strong></span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote>
<span style="color: black; font-family: inherit; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">12:45 – 1:45 Agricultural Insect
Control 101 – New pests on our doorstep: what growers can do to prevent the
introduction and spread of exotic agricultural insect pests. </span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1:45 – 2:45 Agricultural Weed Control
103 – Managing weeds so they don’t control you: developing a system of crop
production that is less susceptible to weed invasions.</span>
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: inherit; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2:45 – 3:00 – Break</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: inherit; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3:00 – 4:00 Rangeland Pest Control
(107) / Industrial Right-of-way Weed Control (109) – one credit for one or the
other will be awarded for attending this session.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Managing noxious weeds while protecting
endangered/ threatened native plants.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><hr align="center" size="2" width="100%" />
</span><br /></div>
</blockquote>
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">To
register, complete the following and return it along with a check or purchase
order to:<o:p></o:p></span></b><br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 3;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Swift
Horticultural Enterprises LLC<br />
450 Hill Avenue<br />
Grand Junction, CO 81501<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Your contact information: Name
___________________________________ <br />
Physical Address _______________________________________________________
email__________________________________</span></b>
<br />
<table border="1">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td width="229"> </td>
<td width="78">Number attending </td>
<td width="68">Subtotal $</td>
<td width="700">Please provide names of attendees for each category</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Full Day - $150 per person</td>
<td> </td>
<td> </td>
<td> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Afternoon sessions - $100 per person</td>
<td> </td>
<td> </td>
<td> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Morning sessions - $75 per person</td>
<td> </td>
<td> </td>
<td> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Totals </td>
<td> </td>
<td> </td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<br /></div>
<br />
<b>Contact Info: Curtis.Swift@alumni.colostate.edu; 970.778.7866</b><o:p></o:p>
<br />
<blockquote>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
</div>
<br />
<blockquote>
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
<br />Curtis Swifthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04955769955418470118noreply@blogger.com5tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7513102586918389391.post-23377230391954526492012-10-07T11:44:00.000-06:002012-10-07T11:44:31.435-06:00The importance of soil testing<br />
<div class="Standard" style="background: rgb(87, 157, 28); margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<o:p> </o:p></div>
<br />
<div class="Standard" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<b>Swift Horticultural Enterprises, LLC</b><br />
Swift Horticultural Consulting<o:p></o:p></div>
<br />
<div class="Standard" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
High Altitude Lavender</div>
<div class="Standard" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
Curtis Swift, Ph.D.</div>
<div class="Standard" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
450 Hill Avenue, Grand Junction, CO 81501</div>
<div class="Standard" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
970.778.7866</div>
<div class="Standard" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<a href="mailto:Curtis.Swift@alumni.colostate.edu"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Curtis.Swift@alumni.colostate.edu</span></a><o:p></o:p></div>
<br />
<div class="Standard" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<o:p> </o:p></div>
<br />
<div align="center" class="Standard" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">The importance
of soil testing;<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<br />
<div align="center" class="Standard" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">How to collect
a sample, where to send it for analysis, and how to obtain a quality
recommendation<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<br />
<div align="center" class="Standard" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;">
<u><span style="font-size: 16pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></span></u></div>
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Why is soil testing
important? <o:p></o:p></b><br />
<br />
<div class="Standard" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>To determine if the soil is appropriate for the
trees, shrubs, flowers, herbs, lawn grasses, etc. you want to plant; not all
soils can support healthy plant growth.</div>
<div class="Standard" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>To learn what is needed to improve the health of
those plants and reduce plant stress and reduce the potential for insect and
disease problems.</div>
<div class="Standard" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>To know what is needed to increase plant vigor,
fruit, and flower production.<o:p> </o:p></div>
<br />
<div class="Standard" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">A soil test provides
the following:<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<br />
<div class="Standard" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>What nutrients are deficient, the organic matter
content, the pH and the soluble salt content.</div>
<div class="Standard" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>What you need to add to the soil to correct
deficiencies.<o:p></o:p></div>
<br />
<div class="Standard" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<o:p> </o:p><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">You need the answers
to the following items to realize the full potential of a soil test:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<br />
<div class="Standard" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Is this soil compatible with the plants you want
to grow? </div>
<div class="Standard" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>What nutrients are needed and when should they
be applied and at what rate? </div>
<div class="Standard" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>What nutrients should you avoid to prevent
imbalances, excessive growth, root damage, etc.?</div>
<div class="Standard" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Are your plant problems the result of an
improper fertilization program?</div>
<div class="Standard" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>What nutrients are excessive and how can you
avoid contributing to the problem?</div>
<div class="Standard" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Do you have a soluble salt problem and if so how
can you correct it? </div>
<div class="Standard" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>If the organic matter level of the soil is low
how can you correct it without damaging established plants? <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>If this is a new planting what should you use
and how much to improve the soil.</div>
<div class="Standard" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Is there a sodium problem and if so how do you
correct it?</div>
<div class="Standard" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>How can you enhance the growth and quality of
the plants in this soil?<o:p></o:p></div>
<br />
<div class="Standard" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in;">
</div>
<div class="Standard" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Recommendations:</b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><o:p> </o:p></b></div>
<br />
<div class="Standard" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
My job is to provide you the answers to the above
questions.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>My written recommendations
will be specific to the plants you are growing or plan to grow in that soil. If
you prefer the use of organic products in lieu of synthetic fertilizers I will
provide you specifics on what products to use and how much of each is required
for your plants and when they should be applied.<o:p> </o:p></div>
<br />
<div class="Standard" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Collecting a soil
sample is simple.</b><o:p> </o:p></div>
<br />
<div class="Standard" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<u>Shovel or trowel</u>: Dig a hole in the area eight inches
deep. Take a slice of soil off the side of the hole and throw it in a clean
bucket, cardboard box, etc. <o:p> </o:p></div>
<br />
<div class="Standard" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<u>Soil Auger or Probe:</u> Twist/push the auger/probe into
the soil to a depth of eight inches. Put the soil you collect in a clean pail,
bag, or box. <o:p> </o:p></div>
<br />
<div class="Standard" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
For more information on collecting a soil sample go to <a href="http://www.wardlab.com/SamplingInfo/ProperSampling.aspx#Soil"><span style="color: blue;">http://www.wardlab.com/SamplingInfo/ProperSampling.aspx#Soil</span></a>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Use clean tools to take samples.<o:p></o:p></div>
<br />
<div class="Standard" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<o:p> </o:p>The soil testing laboratory needs about one pint of
soil.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>If the soil being tested is
similar throughout the field or lawn take multiple samples from the area and
mix them together for a composite sample.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>If the soil appears or feels different in different parts of the field
you should submit a separate sample for each soil type. If testing the soil
around a tree, collect samples from the area half way between the trunk and the
furthest reach of the branches and all the way around the circumference of the
tree.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
<br />
<div class="Standard" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<o:p> </o:p>Air-dry the soil before sending it to the lab for analysis.
Do NOT dry the sample on a newspaper or other surface where compounds can leach
from the surface into the soil.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I use a
plastic shoe box to dry the samples I mail to the lab. After the sample is dry,
package it up in a plastic zip-lock bag. Keep the sample out of the sun after
you have sealed the sample in the bag. <o:p></o:p></div>
<br />
<div class="Standard" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<o:p> </o:p></div>
<div class="Standard" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Where should you send
your soil samples?<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<br />
<div class="Standard" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<o:p> </o:p>I work with Ward Laboratories, Inc. in Kearney Nebraska (<a href="http://www.wardlab.com/"><span style="color: blue;">http://www.WardLab.com</span></a><span class="MsoHyperlink"><u><span style="color: blue;">)</span></u></span>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Their
analytical fees are reasonable and they are quick and accurate. Their S-4
Routine analysis provides the information I need to provide quality
recommendations.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Use the sample
submittal sheet at <a href="http://www.wardlab.com/images/SampleForms/SoilSampleInformationSheetWithoutRecommendations.pdf"><span style="color: blue;">http://www.wardlab.com/images/SampleForms/SoilSampleInformationSheetWithoutRecommendations.pdf</span></a>
.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Make a note on the form to have them
email the results to Curtis.Swift@alumni.colostate.edu.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Make sure your name, address, and email
address is on the form. Please send me an email to let me know you have sent a
sample to the lab so I will expect it.<o:p></o:p></div>
<br />
<div class="Standard" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<o:p> </o:p>Mail the dried sample(s), sample sheet, and payment of $19.25
per sample to:<o:p></o:p></div>
<br />
<div class="Standard" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<o:p> </o:p>Ward Laboratories, Inc.</div>
<div class="Standard" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
4007 Cherry Ave., P.O. Box 788</div>
<div class="Standard" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
Kearney, Nebraska 68848-0788<o:p> </o:p></div>
<br />
<div class="Standard" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
When I receive the results from Ward Lab I will contact you
to obtain further information to make my recommendations fit your situation
correctly.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
<br />
<div class="Standard" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<o:p> </o:p><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">My Fee:</b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><o:p> </o:p></b></div>
<br />
<div class="Standard" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
My fee for providing recommendations and associated
literature based on the soil test results is $30 per sample. <o:p> </o:p></div>
<br />
<div class="Standard" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
If you live in the Grand Junction area and want me to pick up
the sample(s) at your home or office, mail them to the lab, and provide you
recommendations, my fee is $40 per sample.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Please contact me at 970.778.7866 if you prefer this option.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
Curtis Swifthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04955769955418470118noreply@blogger.com4tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7513102586918389391.post-25421773628874672102012-09-09T21:29:00.001-06:002012-09-09T21:30:30.768-06:00Alfalfa Mosaic Virus and Lavender<br />
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<div class="Standard" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span lang="DE" style="font-size: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Alfalfa Mosaic Virus (AMV) and Lavender<br />
Curtis Swift, Ph.D.<span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="DE"><em></em></span><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg2c_yVVjBe4yEf2RFfBXaggroomRzhHKtvCrhw7QbQgalZpf4yo_ByuC8ofejSMcLylKI8TY9iW4uJDVPjjUvz8pwJCgl_Qke39Dk0xp5rHUZuHO1QXDrneAZ0wgQ27Lzydvl4zdwQVoPS/s1600/IMG_5728.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg2c_yVVjBe4yEf2RFfBXaggroomRzhHKtvCrhw7QbQgalZpf4yo_ByuC8ofejSMcLylKI8TY9iW4uJDVPjjUvz8pwJCgl_Qke39Dk0xp5rHUZuHO1QXDrneAZ0wgQ27Lzydvl4zdwQVoPS/s320/IMG_5728.JPG" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span lang="DE"><em><span style="font-size: small;">Image 1: Symptoms of AMV on Lavender<o:p></o:p></span></em></span></td></tr>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgGDGlPdyxJXQ1WWMp6quEsL09N2au1L4bj8H42u9JydLcEnsr4DdZeyvf5NI2xg2zBnQ2FOUE93k369JyEgu94i0sScn_EhzpOdsqCW8KwDc7morZxE-PCsSOKk4ToLy9_BvAuypjUVSHq/s1600/IMG_5729.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgGDGlPdyxJXQ1WWMp6quEsL09N2au1L4bj8H42u9JydLcEnsr4DdZeyvf5NI2xg2zBnQ2FOUE93k369JyEgu94i0sScn_EhzpOdsqCW8KwDc7morZxE-PCsSOKk4ToLy9_BvAuypjUVSHq/s320/IMG_5729.JPG" width="320" /></a></div>
<div class="Illustration" style="margin: 6pt 0in;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-no-proof: yes;"><v:shape id="graphics2" o:spid="_x0000_i1026" style="height: 159.75pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 214.5pt;" type="#_x0000_t75"><em>
<v:imagedata o:title="" src="file:///C:\Users\curtis\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image003.jpg">
</v:imagedata></em></v:shape></span><span lang="DE"><em>Image 2: Distorted yellow spotted
leaves are smptomatic of AMV. Yellow spots on flower stalks are less
common.<o:p></o:p></em></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="DE" style="font-size: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Introduction:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="DE" style="font-size: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">The Alfalfa Mosaic Virus is found through out the world and no lavender
field is free of possible infection. While this disease is easily spread by
cuttings they are seldom tested to ensure they are free of virus.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This does not, however, mean infection will
result in a loss of yield or plant vigor. Identifying infected plants is often
difficult as symptoms of infection may persist or disappear soon after
infection. (Hartman, et al.)</span></div>
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<span lang="DE" style="font-size: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span> </div>
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<span lang="DE" style="font-size: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span><span lang="DE" style="font-size: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">AMV was first described in California in 1931 as a mosaic virus of
alfalfa. Since viruses are named for the first plant in which they are
identified, the virus was named Alfalfa Mosic Virus (Hall).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>AMV is a pathogen of several vegetable crops
causing up to 65% yield loss of peppers (Pernezny, et al.) while the strain
that infects beans is reported to be of no economic importance whatsoever.
Other crops reported to be susceptible to AMV include peas (Hagedorn, 1984),
soybeans (Harman, et al. 1999), celery, celeriac, and other umbelliferous crops
(Davis & Raid, 2002), head lettuce (Davis, et al., 1997), eggplant, and
other dicots, many of which are weeds.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>This virus has one of the largest host ranges of any virus known to
infect 600 plant species in 50 genera.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Daughtrey
et al. indicate AMV has been reported in greenhouse flower crops to include
primrose, geraniums and hydrangea.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>They
suggest this virus may be more widespread in flowers than reports would
indicated. </span></div>
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<span lang="DE" style="font-size: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span> </div>
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<span lang="DE" style="font-size: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Stunted lavender plants (<i>Lavandula angustifolia</i> and <i>L. x
intermedia</i>)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>with yellow spots and
distorted plant growth were reported in western Colorado lavender fields in
2011.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In 2012, samples of tissue was
collected from plants exhibiting yellow spotting and stunting from three widely
distributed lavender fields in western Colorado and tested for virus.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Suspect tissue was collected from 'Fat
Spike', 'Royal Velvet' and the lavendin 'Grosso'. A total of five samples
collected from different plants were sent by priority mail to AgDia, Elkhart,
Indiana for testing.</span></div>
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<span lang="DE" style="font-size: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"></span><span lang="DE"><o:p></o:p></span> </div>
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<span lang="DE" style="font-size: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">The presence of virus is typically determined by the ELISA procedure.
For many crops, tissue from the suspect plant is macerated in a buffer solution
and paper strips containing antibodies to the suspect virus inserted into the
mix of buffer solution and plant tissue. This technique gives us an answer as
to which virus or viruses is/are present in the sample in about five minutes.</span><span lang="DE" style="font-size: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="DE" style="font-size: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span> </div>
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<span lang="DE" style="font-size: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Due to the essential oil of lavender tissue, a technique called PCR had
to be used to characterize (identify) the virus to family.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/null" name="mw-content-text"></a><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Polymerase chain reaction</b> (<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">PCR</b>) is a scientific technique that
increases a single or a few copies of a piece of DNA, generating thousands to
millions of copies of a particular DNA sequence.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This technique revealed all five samples were
in the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Bromoviridae</i> family of
virus.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span lang="DE" style="font-size: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
<div class="Standard" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span lang="DE" style="font-size: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span> </div>
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<span lang="DE" style="font-size: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">This family includes:</span><span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Andale Sans UI"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">
</span></div>
<div class="WordSection2">
<div class="Textbody" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 35.35pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span lang="DE" style="font-family: OpenSymbol; mso-bidi-font-family: OpenSymbol; mso-fareast-font-family: OpenSymbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="DE" style="font-size: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Genus <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Alfamovirus</i>; type species: <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Alfalfa mosaic virus</i></span><span lang="DE"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Textbody" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 35.35pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span lang="DE" style="font-family: OpenSymbol; mso-bidi-font-family: OpenSymbol; mso-fareast-font-family: OpenSymbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="DE" style="font-size: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Genus <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Anulavirus</i>; type species: <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Pelargonium zonate spot virus</i></span><span lang="DE"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Textbody" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 35.35pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span lang="DE" style="font-family: OpenSymbol; mso-bidi-font-family: OpenSymbol; mso-fareast-font-family: OpenSymbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="DE" style="font-size: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Genus <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Bromovirus</i>; type species: <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Brome mosaic virus</i></span><span lang="DE"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Textbody" style="margin: 0in 0in 6pt 35.35pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span lang="DE" style="font-family: OpenSymbol; mso-bidi-font-family: OpenSymbol; mso-fareast-font-family: OpenSymbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="DE" style="font-size: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Genus <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Cucumovirus</i>;
type species: <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Cucumber mosaic virus</i></span><span lang="DE"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Textbody" style="margin: 0in 0in 6pt 35.35pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span lang="DE" style="font-family: OpenSymbol; mso-bidi-font-family: OpenSymbol; mso-fareast-font-family: OpenSymbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="DE" style="font-size: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">and others, hence the reason to have this virus
characterized to Genus<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">.</i></span><span lang="DE"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Andale Sans UI"; mso-fareast-language: JA;"><br clear="all" style="mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: auto;" />
</span><span lang="DE" style="font-size: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">The DNA samples were found to be <span style="color: black;">97%-99%
related to Alfalfa Mosaic Virus. The strain of the virus was not identified in
this process.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Many strains of AMV cause
necrotic local lesions, while other strains can result in </span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/null" name="mw-content-text1"></a>yield loss, reduce winter survival, and an increase
in infection by other pathogens.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>No data
is available on the overall effect of AMV on lavender thus further research on
this problem as it relates to lavender winter survival and yield is needed.</span><span lang="DE"><o:p></o:p></span><br />
<br />
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<span lang="DE" style="font-size: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
<div class="Standard" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="DE" style="font-size: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Disease Management<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<br />
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<i><span lang="DE" style="font-size: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Myzus persicae</span></i><span lang="DE" style="font-size: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">, the green peach aphid, is the most efficient aphid
vector of at least 15 different aphid species that spread this virus. Aphids
can acquire the virus after only a few minutes of feeding on a virus-infected
plant and can immediately transfer the virus to another plant.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The virus is picked up on the outside of the
stylet (needle-like mouth parts). When the aphid feeds on the next plant some
of the virus particles remain in the probed plant tissue causing the
disease.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This type of virus transfer is
referred to as non-persistent or stylet-borne transmission, as compared to
viruses that are sucked into the insect’s gut prior to being trasmitted to the
next plant. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The latter is referred to as
`circulator/ persistent`, or `propagative` transfer depending on whether the
virus passes directly through the insect gut system, or multiplies inside the
insect prior to being passed on to the next plant.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span lang="DE"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
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<span lang="DE" style="font-size: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Like the virus, <i>M. persicae</i> is found world wide. This aphid is a
common pest of peach, cherry, and other <i>Prunus </i>species and insecticide
treatment of those trees to prevent spread of this aphid to nearby lavender
field is strongly recommended. In cold climates this insect often overwinters
in warm greenhouses.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span lang="DE"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="Standard" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span lang="DE" style="font-size: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Alfalfa Mosaic Virus can be spread through transmission of sap thus
disinfecting equipment used for pruning, shaping, and other operations is
recommended to prevent the spread of this virus, especially when AMV-infected
lavender plants or weeds or other crokps are in or near the field.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A solution of 10% bleach solution (sodium
hypochlorate) created by mixing one part bleach with nine parts water, or a
spray of alcohol, or other disinfectant is recommended to treat sickles,
shears, and other cutting implements between plants to help prevent spread.
Bleach is corrosive so frequent replacement of cutting implements will be need
if used as the disinfectant. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="DE" style="font-size: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjrZcuF1SrXdXxwutNVOQ_O9rscKiJMQSb2LGfEnnXWPgvX8FXwHbqZ2y5RpBGrkVfM7yWBJjkOBYAXt7cGM1OJGvmIv8xiqijlu3fbX1j_vOQHEJ0UcAn9sa4hobHFljJpQs4maWgSFBCz/s1600/IMG_5898.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjrZcuF1SrXdXxwutNVOQ_O9rscKiJMQSb2LGfEnnXWPgvX8FXwHbqZ2y5RpBGrkVfM7yWBJjkOBYAXt7cGM1OJGvmIv8xiqijlu3fbX1j_vOQHEJ0UcAn9sa4hobHFljJpQs4maWgSFBCz/s320/IMG_5898.JPG" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Image 3: Pigweed with symptoms of AMV.</td></tr>
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<span lang="DE" style="font-size: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">All AMV-infected plants are dicots and many are weeds. Controlling
weeds around the production field is key to preventing the introduction of this
disease into the lavender field. It is critical that weeds be treated with an
insecticide prior to being eliminated.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Hoeing, mowing, or spraying weeds with a herbicide prior to treating for
aphids results in the aphids moving to other plants, some of which could<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>be lavender plants. Applying an insecticide
to weeds prior to control can be done with synthetic products or organic
approved materials such as SucraShield</span><span lang="DE" style="font-size: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">™,
neem oil, insecticidal soap, etc</span><span lang="DE" style="font-size: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">. </span><span lang="DE"><o:p></o:p></span><br />
<br />
<div class="Standard" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span lang="DE" style="font-size: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">When neighboring fields of alfalfa and other aphid-infested crops are
harvested, aphids move to find other plants to feed on.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Leaving a buffer of plants between the
harvested crop and the lavender field will help keep aphids from moving to the
lavender. This buffer could be treated with an insecticide.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>If the neighboring buffer is not a viable
option the use of a trap crop around the lavender field should be considered. This
trap crop could consists of several rows of alfalfa treated with a fast-acting
contact organic or synthetic insecticide.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>The concept is simple.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Aphids
moving into the area would hopefully alight and feed on the trap crop and would
be killed before they have an opportunity to move into the lavender field.
Organic products typically have no residual or have a shorter residual effect
than synthetic products and thus would need to be applied more frequently to
maintain control of the aphids feeding in the trap crop. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="Standard" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span lang="DE" style="font-size: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Insecticides applied to lavender plants are not effective in preventing
AMV infection since the non-persistent transmission of the virus occurs too
rapidly. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="Standard" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span lang="DE" style="font-size: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">The use of a spun-bonded polyester insect barrier over the plants helps
prevent virus infections. Drought and drying winds cause aphids to move from
droughty crops and dry desert areas to other crops including lavender. During
such times additional steps may be necessary to prevent AMV infection of
lavender. </span><span lang="DE"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="Standard" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span lang="DE" style="font-size: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Dodder, a parasitic seed plant, can spread this virus from infected to
non-infected plants thus keeping the field field of dodder is critical. </span><span lang="DE" style="font-size: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgdDB8kIsKC6zQsL1gyO07jRl3yX8hpmTwzu4rs7UGLHVH7h5_dt3EQfbae6lmFj4IvaB66CbAUWW5CGWn9Wu7TA5Ul1RQqV2gPp0siPSubWpaGoYpFPdf-lwiCPDtEj4gbF-c6zvk3mQnv/s1600/dodder3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="206" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgdDB8kIsKC6zQsL1gyO07jRl3yX8hpmTwzu4rs7UGLHVH7h5_dt3EQfbae6lmFj4IvaB66CbAUWW5CGWn9Wu7TA5Ul1RQqV2gPp0siPSubWpaGoYpFPdf-lwiCPDtEj4gbF-c6zvk3mQnv/s320/dodder3.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
Image 4: Dodder wrapped around bindweed</div>
<div class="Standard" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span lang="DE" style="font-size: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"></span><br /></div>
<div class="Standard" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span lang="DE" style="font-size: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">The tolerance level of lavender to this virus is not known.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>AMV infection appear to have no effect on
plant growth or yield in some fields. Some growers remove infected plants while
others leave them be.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>More research on
this aspect of the disease needs to be conducted to determine its effect on
lavender in general and cultivars specifically.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="Standard" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span lang="DE" style="font-size: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="DE" style="font-size: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Creating virus-free
transplants and cuttings<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<br />
<div class="Standard" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span lang="DE" style="font-size: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Greenhouses used to propagate lavender should be kept free of aphids to
help ensure transplants are not infected when moved to the production field or
retailer outlets. The use of insect screening installed over doors, intake
vents, fan housings, and other openings should be considered.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Mother plants used for cuttings should be
examined for visible symptoms of the virus and not used for that purpose if
symptoms are noted.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Mother plants should
be kept covered with an insect barrier spun-bonded fabric if not kept in an
aphid-free glass house. Having mother plants tested for AMV would be ideal but
costly.</span><span lang="DE" style="font-size: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="Standard" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span lang="DE" style="font-size: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Cuttings taken from plants infected by viruses, phytoplasma, fungi, or
fungal-like organisms are often cured of their pathogens by being placed in hot
water for a certain number of a minutes. Azalea cuttings infected by <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Rhizoctonia</i> can be cleared of this
pathogen by placing the cuttings in 122<sup>o</sup> F water for 20 minutes
without damaging the plant tissue. Virus-infected daffodil bulbs placed in 129<sup>o</sup>
F. water for an hour are made virus-free. While hot water treatment will most
likely inactivate virus in lavender cuttings information on the proper
temperature or length of time necessary to achieve this virus-free status needs
to be determined.</span><span lang="DE" style="font-size: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="Standard" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span lang="DE" style="font-size: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Hot water treatments are also used to inactivate virus in seed.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>When seed is colllected from lavender in the
process of selecting new cultivars one should consider treating the seed with
hot water therapy as AMV is seed transmitted. A hot water bath of 144<sup>o</sup>
F for 10 minutes is a common treatment regimen for seed. </span><span lang="DE"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div style="border-color: currentColor currentColor black; border-style: none none solid; border-width: medium medium 1pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid black .75pt; mso-element: para-border-div; padding: 0in 0in 1pt;">
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<span lang="DE" style="font-size: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
</div>
<br />
<div class="Standard" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span lang="DE" style="font-size: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">References:</span><span lang="DE" style="font-size: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="Standard" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span lang="DE" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="DE" style="font-size: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Chaube, H.S. and Singh, U.S. 1991. Plant disease
management: Principles and practices. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="Standard" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span lang="DE" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="DE" style="font-size: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Davis, R.M., and Raid, R.N. 2002. Compendium of
umbelliferous crop diseases. American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="Standard" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span lang="DE" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="DE" style="font-size: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Davis, R.M., Subbarao, K.V., Raid, R.N., and Kurtz,
E.A. 1997. Compendium of lettuce diseases. American Phytopathological Society,
St. Paul, MN.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="Standard" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span lang="DE" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="DE" style="font-size: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Daughtrey, M.L., Wick, R.L., and Peterson, J.L.
2006. Compendium of flowering potted plant diseases. American Phytopathological
Society, St. Paul, MN. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="Standard" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span lang="DE" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="DE" style="font-size: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Hadidi, A, Khetarpal, R.K., and Koganezawa, H., eds.
1998. Plant virus disease control. American Phytopathological Society, St.
Paul, MN.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="Standard" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span lang="DE" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="DE" style="font-size: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Hagedorn, D.J., ed. 1984. Compendum of pea diseases.
American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="Standard" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span lang="DE" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="DE" style="font-size: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Hartman, G.L., Sinclair, J.B., and Rupe, J.C. 1999.
Compendium of soybean diseases: 4th edition. American Phytopathological
Society, St. Paul, MN. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="Standard" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span lang="DE" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="DE" style="font-size: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Hall, R. 1991. Compendium of bean diseases. American
Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="Standard" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span lang="DE" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="DE" style="font-size: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Pernezny, K. Roberts, P.D., Murphy, J.F., and
Goldbert, N.P. Compendium of pepper diseases. 2003. American Phytopathological
Society, St. Paul, MN.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="Standard" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span lang="DE" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="DE" style="font-size: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Sherf, A.F., and Macnab, A.A. 1986. Vegetable
diseases and their control. John Wiley & Sons, Inc, New York, NY<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="Standard" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span lang="DE" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="DE" style="font-size: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Sutic, D.D., R.E. Ford, and M.T. Tosic. 1999.
Handbook of plant virus diseases. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="Standard" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span lang="DE" style="font-size: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span lang="DE"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
Curtis Swifthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04955769955418470118noreply@blogger.com9tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7513102586918389391.post-42408563930250927552012-06-01T11:16:00.002-06:002012-06-01T11:16:26.824-06:00Parthenolecanium corni, the European Fruit Lecanium<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<div style="border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none;">
Larry Traubel, Grand Mesa Discount, Eckert, Colorado, provided this photo of <em>Parthenolecanium corni</em>, the European Fruit Lecanium on a peach tree. The photo shows the overwintering stage of the female scale and the small translucent crawlers. </div>
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgkCT2wD_oKNG4yFvYqvOinHVOQeZvxdyMrlVvBGakfiNv89zNU75YLQ9zvgjuP7kww2f0APjurKNg67zk_2Vd8xJFPHSxJ3QhL1DPRYnMgwaZUdd44PzkpQ7yZI2YtJC35dTIa_U9bbyqu/s1600/Parthenolecanium+corni.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="240" rba="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgkCT2wD_oKNG4yFvYqvOinHVOQeZvxdyMrlVvBGakfiNv89zNU75YLQ9zvgjuP7kww2f0APjurKNg67zk_2Vd8xJFPHSxJ3QhL1DPRYnMgwaZUdd44PzkpQ7yZI2YtJC35dTIa_U9bbyqu/s320/Parthenolecanium+corni.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><em>Parthenolecanium corni </em></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div style="border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none;">
A horticultural oil sprayed when the crawler stage is present in spring will suffocate this insect. Timing the spray based on the presence of the crawlers before they begin to secrete their protective covering is critical. The crawlers typically hatch when Catalpa trees are in bloom. </div>
<br />
The other option is to use a dinotefuran product that lists peaches or stone fruit on the label. Dinotefuran is a highly systemic third generation neonicitinoid applied as a trunk spray, foliar spray, or soil drench.<br />
<br />Curtis Swifthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04955769955418470118noreply@blogger.com4tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7513102586918389391.post-15299321344193222762012-05-31T09:53:00.002-06:002012-05-31T09:53:41.109-06:00Essential Oils by Dr. Janet Scavarda, DCEssential Oils Dr. Janet Scavarda, DC<br />
<br />
<br />
DATE: Friday, June 15th<br />
<br />
TIME: 10:00AM to 2:00PM – Please bring a bag lunch<br />
<br />
LOCATION: Sagebrush Room at the Mesa County Fairgrounds<br />
<br />
CLASS FEE: $35.00 for Lavender Association of Western Colorado members, $45.00 for non-members. ***Advanced registration is required to insure note packets for all attendees. Please call and reserve your space by noon June 14th.<br />
<br />
TO REGISTER: Call 970-210-3559 or email scavarda4@gmail.com<br />
<br />
Section 1 – METHODS OF APPLICATIONS – All of the ways to use essential oils<br />
<br />
Inhalation: Dry inhalation, Moist inhalation, Room sprays, Nebulizing Diffusion, and Heat diffusion<br />
<br />
Diluted skin application: Baths (full, foot and hand), Lotion, Nut & Vegetable oil, Salve, Massage, Compresses, Soles of feet<br />
<br />
Section 2 – WHY PLANTS MAKE ESSENTIAL OILS<br />
<br />
Why should we care about the reasons plants produce essential oils? Because understanding how plants use essential oils will give us insight into what they will do for us. It provides the bridge we need to treat the body, and its mental and emotional components, simultaneously and in balance. This information provides a clearer vision of how to blend essential oils effectively.<br />
<br />
Section 3 – BLENDING TWO OR MORE ESSENTIAL OILS<br />
<br />
How to choose and eliminate oils to blend for a specific purpose, issues to consider, and how to address the primary goal as well as balance of involved systems. Differentiating base, middle and top notes, and their purposes.<br />
<br />
Qualifications: Dr. Scavada has eighteen years experience using essential oils personally and in her practice and thirteen years experience teaching classes, both privately and at a local technical college. In 2002 Dr. Scavarda took and passed the only nation-wide competency examination available at the time; the Aromatherapy Registration Council's Registration Examination in Aromatherapy, becoming a Registered Aromatherapist. She has continuing her education through The Pacific Institute of Aromatherapy in 2004, 2006, and 2010, as well as her own research. Dr. Scavarda is currently researching and writing a book on aromatherapy.Curtis Swifthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04955769955418470118noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7513102586918389391.post-70046435612486367432012-03-13T16:56:00.000-06:002012-03-13T16:56:46.042-06:00Valley Grown Nursery Digs Trees<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><object id="BLOG_video-FAILED-0" class="BLOG_video_class" contentid="FAILED" width="320" height="266" ></object></div>The process of digging trees out of a field takes equipment and know-how. This video was shot on Saturday, March 10 at the Valley Grown Nursery Mack Coloado location.Curtis Swifthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04955769955418470118noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7513102586918389391.post-38134842145111723962012-03-02T14:51:00.000-07:002012-03-02T14:51:27.933-07:00Fruit Tree Pruning Workshop on Saturday, March 24Public Fruit & Vine Pruning Workshop <br />
<br />
<br />
What: Fruit and vine pruning workshop – including tree fruits and grapes. <br />
When: 1:00pm - 4:00 pm, March 24th , 2012 (Saturday) <br />
Where: Western Colorado Research Center – Orchard Mesa, 3168 B ½ Rd., Grand Junction, CO <br />
<br />
Specifics: The workshop will be presented by Colorado State University Western Colorado Research Center at Orchard Mesa. Cost for the class is $25 per person for those who register on or before March 19, 2012 or $30.00 at the door (if space is available). Registration will be limited to the first 45 people who register. <br />
<br />
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Cut and Mail <br />
<br />
Registration form: Make checks payable to “Colorado State University.” <br />
<br />
Return registration form with $25 per person registration fee by 5:00 pm, March 19, 2012 to: <br />
<br />
WCRC – Orchard Mesa <br />
<br />
Attention: Donna Iovanni <a href="mailto:Donna.Iovanni@colostate.edu">Donna.Iovanni@colostate.edu</a><br />
3168 B ½ Rd. <br />
Grand Junction, CO 81503 <br />
<br />
After March 19, 2012, registration fee is $30.00. Enrollment is limited to the first 45 paid registrants.<br />
<br />
Name ______________________________________________________________________ <br />
<br />
Address ____________________________________________________________________ <br />
<br />
City ____________________________________________ State ________ Zip __________ <br />
<br />
Phone _______________________ <br />
<br />
Email address ___________________________________ <br />
<br />
Experience growing tree fruit / Grapes(please check the appropriate category): <br />
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None ____ 1 year ____ 2 years ____ 3+ years ____Curtis Swifthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04955769955418470118noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7513102586918389391.post-33252313654072399082012-03-02T14:39:00.000-07:002012-03-02T14:39:48.983-07:00Looking for a job? Mesa County Weed and Pest CoordinatorThe Mesa County Tri-River Department is accepting applications for the Mesa County Weed & Pest Coordinator. The salary range is $16.12 - $21.75/hr. (DOQ). To apply submit a Mesa County general application to the Mesa County Human Resources Department at 544 Rood Avenue by 5 PM on March 15, 2012. General applications are available online at <a href="http://www.mesacounty.us/hr">www.mesacounty.us/hr</a>. <br />
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The details for this position can be found at: <a href="http://www.mesacounty.us/WorkArea/linkit.aspx?LinkIdentifier=id&ItemID=13040&libID=13176">http://www.mesacounty.us/WorkArea/linkit.aspx?LinkIdentifier=id&ItemID=13040&libID=13176</a>Curtis Swifthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04955769955418470118noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7513102586918389391.post-59027176924276769222011-11-27T19:56:00.000-07:002011-11-27T19:56:29.646-07:00Overwintering root vegetables in the garden.Keep your potatoes, beets, carrots, parsnips, turnips, cabbage, and other root crops in the ground this winter and harvest them as they are needed. Cut off the tops and cover these vegetables with a thick layer of leaves, straw or hay to keep the ground warm. Depending on how cold it gets in your area, the mulch layer may need to be four inches or more in thickness. These vegetables need to be mulched as soon as possible so don’t wait too long. Once the ground freezes (about mid-December in Grand Junction, CO) it is too late. <br />
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When you need these vegetables move the mulch aside and dig what you need. Replace the mulch to keep the ground warm. Be sure to have all these vegetables dug by spring. As soon as these vegetables start to grow in the spring their eating quality will be significantly reduced. <br />
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This technique of overwintering your root crops is more successful when you have a sandy soil. If the soil is heavy and you have a lot of rain or snow try to keep the soil dry. Cover the mulch layer with a tarp that sheds water. Dig a trench at the edge of the tarp to direct water away from the mulched area. <br />
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If you have a heavy clay soil and can’t keep it dry, dig a trench and fill it with dry straw, hay or leaves. Place the root vegetables on this layer and apply more straw, hay, or leaves to fill the trench. Cover the trench with a tarp if you get a lot of snow or rain. The layers of straw, hay, or straw allow the soil to drain and help keep the vegetables dry and free from rot. <br />
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Previous recommendations for overwintering cabbage included the removal of the outer layer of cabbage leaves and the head of cabbage dipped in hot wax. The wax-dipped head of cabbage could be hung in an area where the temperature was just above freezing or layered in the mulch-filled trench. This was said to increase the ability to overwinter cabbage. I’m not sure if this is necessary. No matter how you over winter cabbage the outer leaves will often rot and need to be removed before use. <br />
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If you prefer to freeze or can these vegetables, or turn your cabbage into sauerkraut, you can learn more about how to do this safely by contacting Rhonda Follman at the Colorado State University Extension office at 970 244-1834 or <a href="mailto:Rhonda.Follman@colostate.edu">Rhonda.Follman@colostate.edu</a>.Curtis Swifthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04955769955418470118noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7513102586918389391.post-87015119333861858152011-11-23T13:48:00.000-07:002011-11-23T13:48:23.012-07:00Lavender Christmas Craft Fair and Bake Sale – December 3, 10 a.m. to 3 pm, Mesa County Fairgrounds<strong><span style="color: purple; font-size: large;">Lavender Christmas Craft Fair and Bake Sale</span></strong> – December 3, 10 am to 3 pm Mesa County Fairgrounds <span style="color: purple;"><strong><span style="font-size: large;">Free admission</span></strong></span><br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjL6g_rEca2YAKm7u9DPdjND_CzbJ-02E0vptMYcrH48mouNvFsxOj9NKozDYmUNauCfM0woAEF_4ohbjzZsGvlBEZG5hXEvN-1mIdZnL7kcK-yYrIQaSA-MiJd86IynkAZtv5z_IVXmVVa/s1600/Christmas+Fair+Poster.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; cssfloat: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" hda="true" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjL6g_rEca2YAKm7u9DPdjND_CzbJ-02E0vptMYcrH48mouNvFsxOj9NKozDYmUNauCfM0woAEF_4ohbjzZsGvlBEZG5hXEvN-1mIdZnL7kcK-yYrIQaSA-MiJd86IynkAZtv5z_IVXmVVa/s320/Christmas+Fair+Poster.jpg" width="206" /></a></div>The Lavender Association of Western Colorado will host their 3rd annual Christmas Craft Fair and Bake Sale on Saturday, December 3 from 10 a.m. to 3 pm at the Mesa County Fairgrounds. Local vendors will be selling lavender-inspired hand crafted gifts to include gift baskets, spa, bath and body items, culinary lavender blends, wreaths, etc. <br />
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A wide variety of gift items at the silent auction!<br />
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Demonstrations on using lavender! <br />
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Intellitec College massage therapy students with their massage chairs! <br />
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Bake sale featuring delicious sweet treats, hot coffee, tea, hot chocolate, and cider. <br />
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Proceeds from the silent auction and bake sale will go to further the goal of promoting the local lavender industry through research, education, marketing and networking.Curtis Swifthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04955769955418470118noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7513102586918389391.post-17241024210502547362011-11-23T11:58:00.000-07:002011-11-23T11:58:48.251-07:00Fertilizing gardens in the fall, winter, and spring can be a bad idea!Organic matter and synthetic nitrogen fertilizers are often applied to gardens, trees, shrubs, pastures, and field crops in the fall, winter, and early spring months. Losses of up to 70% of the nitrogen as ammonia (NH<sub>3</sub>) can occur before next season’s growing season if not done properly. In addition to the loss of a valuable plant nutrient a reduction in air quality can result. Ammonia creates smog by combining with nitrous oxides (NOx). The result is a hazy view and deposits in your lungs and the lungs of other animals. <br />
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Microbial activity of <em>Bacillus, Clostridium, Proteus, Pseudomonas</em>, and <em>Streptomyces</em> bacteria change organic nitrogen into ammonia as soil and air temperatures increase in the spring. To prevent nitrogen loss from organic matter applied to a garden it should be worked into the soil and not left on the soil surface. When applied as top dressing to a lawn, organic matter should be raked into aeration holes to move as much of the product into the soil as possible. <br />
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The synthetic fertilizer urea (46% Nitrogen) can start to breakdown as soon as it is applied to the soil. If the soil is totally dry, no reaction happens. If there is a small amount of soil moisture present this fertilizer can hydrolyze and convert to ammonium and carbon dioxide within two to four days. This is more of a problem in high pH soil areas.<br />
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CO(NH<sub>2</sub>)<sub>2</sub> + H<sub>2</sub>O + urease = 2NH<sub>3</sub> + CO<sub>2</sub><br />
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It was commonly thought volatilization of urea was more problematic when air temperatures were 50 <sup>o</sup>F. or above. More recent research has shown volatilization of urea even occurs when temperatures are below 41 <sup>o</sup>F.<sup>1</sup> The same high loses can occur when urea fertilizer is applied to frozen soil. When at least one-half inch of irrigation water (or rain) occurs after application of urea, losses can be significantly reduced. Working urea into the soil also reduces nitrogen losses.<br />
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When Ammonium Sulfate (21% N) is applied to soil, very little or no conversion to ammonia (NH<sub>3</sub>) occurs making this a very good nitrogen fertilizer.<br />
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1. <span style="font-family: "Arial", "sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Engle, R., and Jones, C. Choosing your Nitrogen Fertilizers based on Ammonia Volatilization. Nutrient Digest. Fall 2011; vol3 (1).</span>Curtis Swifthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04955769955418470118noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7513102586918389391.post-11819635603065964802011-10-14T14:20:00.000-06:002011-10-14T14:20:17.547-06:00An application of fertilizer this time of year is recommended!<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">Fertilizing your lawn in the fall can increase root depth and create a more drought and disease/insect tolerant lawn next year.<br />
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The nitrogen used should be a quick-release nitrogen (N) fertilizer with a small amount or no phosphorus (P) or potassium (K). Ammonium sulfate (~21% N), ammonium nitrate (33%N), and urea (~46% N) are ideal as they do not contain P or K. Slow-release products are not appropriate at this time of year. Two pound of N should be applied over every one-thousand square foot area of lawn. This recommendation means applying about ten pounds of ammonium sulfate, six pounds of ammonium nitrate, or four pounds of urea per one-thousand square feet of lawn. The goal is to provide a quick source of nitrogen to increase rooting depth and increase carbohydrate storage. This creates a healthier lawn more resistant to winter, spring, and summer disease and insect pests. If your lawn is a warm-season grass such as buffalograss you are out of luck as this procedure does not work on these grasses. If your lawn is Kentucky bluegrass, tall fescue, or perennial ryegrass applying two pounds of nitrogen at this time of year is what you should be doing. <br />
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Watering is critical to dissolve the fertilizer and move it into the roots of the grass. If your soil is the typical silt clay loam common to the valleys of western Colorado you should water your lawn for fifteen minutes if you have pop-up spray sprinklers, or fifty minutes if your sprinkler system has impact or rotary stream nozzles. Split these times in half with an hour between each watering to ensure the water penetrates the soil and doesn’t run off the lawn. <br />
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To learn more about this Late Season Fertilization program go to my web page at: <a href="http://www.coopext.colostate.edu/TRA/PLANTS/turf-lsf.shtml">http://www.coopext.colostate.edu/TRA/PLANTS/turf-lsf.shtml</a>.<br />
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</div>Curtis Swifthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04955769955418470118noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7513102586918389391.post-4762508403871599572011-10-07T09:56:00.000-06:002011-10-07T09:56:57.154-06:00Master Gardener Tree Auction and Plant Sale - Oct 8, 2011<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjb-4TigU_25ibENyKsewMcWWQCoPlQeZjJJCBoyFG5_jmOQsYkK91Ja-S2iG9gvRLnK_2ZIGChHXf2wWSNcoWNjk_vq_Gn_LXn6LyvlMATGwaSf1mUMTvTxWEQZRODQzktG9BQ5-KGIHO3/s1600/Tree+Auction+2011+001.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; cssfloat: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" kca="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjb-4TigU_25ibENyKsewMcWWQCoPlQeZjJJCBoyFG5_jmOQsYkK91Ja-S2iG9gvRLnK_2ZIGChHXf2wWSNcoWNjk_vq_Gn_LXn6LyvlMATGwaSf1mUMTvTxWEQZRODQzktG9BQ5-KGIHO3/s320/Tree+Auction+2011+001.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>Tomorrow, Saturday October 8, the 14th annual Master Gardener Tree Auction and Plant Sale will be held at the Mesa County Fairgrounds. The gates will open at 9:00 and the auction itself will begin at 10:00 with well-known auctioneer Buster Cattles presiding. The Master Gardeners will be in attendance to assist you with your selections and answer any questions you may have about the trees and other plants.<br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjGurpsLhjbe8_U6kHGggFQ7pcUx-dL45Y8Oh5AJh_sVARlJsSOMW-9dU1Apiwt9Op687JPCYQkq6LdgPSf0MLx4CP74IX-3v2vl0Ojb6AcB4gNL-n8LZJkNILrGwmcYMtQbrDQNE-_MjqP/s1600/Tree+Auction+2011+004.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; cssfloat: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" kca="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjGurpsLhjbe8_U6kHGggFQ7pcUx-dL45Y8Oh5AJh_sVARlJsSOMW-9dU1Apiwt9Op687JPCYQkq6LdgPSf0MLx4CP74IX-3v2vl0Ojb6AcB4gNL-n8LZJkNILrGwmcYMtQbrDQNE-_MjqP/s320/Tree+Auction+2011+004.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>Following is a list of trees that will be included in the auction (more will be coming in today). Shrubs, ornamental grasses and other plants will also be available but are not listed here.<br />
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2011 Tree Inventory <br />
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Ash, Patmore - 8<br />
Birch – Jacquemanii -1<br />
Boxxelder – 3<br />
Catalpa, western – 1<br />
Catalpa, umbrella – 1<br />
Colo blue spruce – 35<br />
Cottonwood, narrowleaf – 4<br />
Crabapple, Dubloons – 4<br />
Crabapple – Indian magic – 1<br />
Crabapple, Radiant – 7<br />
Crabapple, Snowdrift – 1<br />
Dawn redwood – 1<br />
Hackberry – 6<br />
Hawthorne, Paul’s scarlet – 4<br />
Hawthorne, Washington – 2 sm, 2 lg<br />
Juniper, Spartan (poodle cut) – 1<br />
Linden, red twig – 1<br />
Locust, purple robe – 1<br />
Locust, sky line honey – 1 <br />
Maple, Hot wings tatarian – 6<br />
Maple, Pacific sunset - 1<br />
Mulberry, fruitless – 1<br />
Mulberry, weeping - 2<br />
Oak, bur – 2<br />
Oak, gambel – 4<br />
Plum, Newport – 1<br />
Pussy willow, weeping - 1<br />
Quaking aspen – 22 <br />
Redbud – 2<br />
Yellowhorn – 2<br />
Zelkova - 3<br />
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"The Tri River Area Master Gardeners are our horticulture volunteers, who provide education and information for home gardeners. They answer gardening questions, identify plant problems and provide research-based solutions. They test soil and water for salts and can make recommendations for improving the situation if necessary. They are available to give presentations, workshops, classes and garden tours, and can even make house calls. They greatly increase the outreach the horticulture department is able to provide. They also maintain our four acres of demonstration gardens here on the Mesa County fairgrounds. <br />
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Master Gardeners commit each year to a certain amount of work for us, and to keep up to date in the field of horticulture they also commit to continuing education. To assist in this regard, we have a Master Gardener scholarship fund, which they can draw on to attend conferences and workshops. Which brings us back to the Tree Auction and Plant Sale, our annual fund-raiser for the scholarship program. Master Gardeners have used this fund to attend lavender conferences, Pro Green Expo in Denver, and for numerous classes and workshops. We believe that through these educational opportunities they become even more valuable resources for their communities.<br />
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The trees and other plants are donated each year by nurseries and garden centers throughout our four county area. We’re very grateful to these generous businesses for their support of our program. This year’s donors include Beaver Lakes Nursery, Bookcliff Gardens, Camelot Gardens, Chelsea Nursery, Clarke and Company, Eckels Tree Farm and Hydroseeding, The Garden Center, Green Fields Seed and Feed, Leroux Creek Nursery, Meadowlark Gardens, Mile High Greenhouse, Mount Garfield Greenhouse and Nursery, Okagawa Farms, Palisade Greenhouse, Rocky Comfort Nursery, Southwest Soils, Spruce Point Tree Farm, Sticks and Stones, Sutherland’s, Valley Grown Nursery and Willow Bend Farms. Many individuals have also donated. A special thanks goes to our friend and supporter Vince Urbina, whose beautiful trees are always a big hit at the auction.<br />
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Fall is a great time to plant in our area. Our mild fall weather makes it easy for roots to become established without causing a lot of stress to the trees and shrubs. The plants for the most part have already hardened off for winter, and are less susceptible to water loss. Many trees actually do best when planted in the fall, so come on out to the fairgrounds, enjoy the day with us, visit our amazing gardens, and take home some great bargains for your own garden.<br />
The Apprentice Master Gardener course will be starting next year on January 18, and run every Wednesday through March 28. This course, which is the foundation of the Master Gardener program, provides an extensive college-level introduction to horticulture in Western Colorado. Following the course, the Master Gardeners are available in our Mesa, Delta, and Montrose County offices to assist our clients as I mentioned above. We learn a lot, meet great people and have a lot of fun in the process. If you’d like to learn more about this rewarding volunteer opportunity, give me a call at 244-1841." Information Provided by Susan Rose, Master Gardener Coordinator, CSU Extension, Tri River Area.<br />
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</div>Curtis Swifthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04955769955418470118noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7513102586918389391.post-87304761383737256682011-09-16T14:32:00.000-06:002011-09-16T14:32:12.200-06:00Butternut Squash and Growth Cracks.As autumn approaches butternut and other winter squash (to include pumpkin) develop a hard skin. This permits the storage of these fruits for several months. Once this hardening process starts anything that encourages further growth of the fruit may result in splitting of the fruit as is seen in these photos. A heavy rain or application of water after the fruit starts to harden its skin can stimulate growth and result in the cracking of the fruit. Applying nitrogen at the wrong time can also cause splitting.<br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjsruc5ctu9c7Otud3P5Gb07NkbAu48gaMHGJTOUOykXItELRxQW7egyhLfTEDezJt3yE00pbml-KjwGqRKahTf61abToBYTvFWqkiSbopZo6EpqWN0STEbAzZUr-X4GGA2zhOcrXHaoVh6/s1600/Growth+cracks+Butternut+Squash+002.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" rba="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjsruc5ctu9c7Otud3P5Gb07NkbAu48gaMHGJTOUOykXItELRxQW7egyhLfTEDezJt3yE00pbml-KjwGqRKahTf61abToBYTvFWqkiSbopZo6EpqWN0STEbAzZUr-X4GGA2zhOcrXHaoVh6/s320/Growth+cracks+Butternut+Squash+002.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjW1zEMlXBThdBMkSs2zwbFR4D38IZY7vcd0wqPzKH5acDOZhdYZSqhsGrmdNZtBAm6VWPgGYSVBeeUAResZNTymqM5UwWajnKZEjlTKTFhme9N_Ew37ac052zilPJUwId2AKaiBD9sFFzs/s1600/Growth+cracks+Butternut+Squash+001.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" rba="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjW1zEMlXBThdBMkSs2zwbFR4D38IZY7vcd0wqPzKH5acDOZhdYZSqhsGrmdNZtBAm6VWPgGYSVBeeUAResZNTymqM5UwWajnKZEjlTKTFhme9N_Ew37ac052zilPJUwId2AKaiBD9sFFzs/s320/Growth+cracks+Butternut+Squash+001.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>Vine crops like butternut squash should be side-dressed in midseason as they start to vine. At that time 2.5 ounces of nitrogen should be applied for each 250 feet of row. Fertilizing much later or with more than recommended above can stimulate growth resulting in cracking. See <a href="http://www.coopext.colostate.edu/TRA/PLANTS/Nitrogen%20Recommendations%20-%20Vegetables.pdf">http://www.coopext.colostate.edu/TRA/PLANTS/Nitrogen%20Recommendations%20-%20Vegetables.pdf</a> for details on fertilizing vegetables in the summer.<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhXQi1bApU6iM-0yB-3f05LLYrGt4cft1KsZxzbJn4u4hI-KaXnlVZBl2OvJanC2ogT_txTJSmuvuTzMDJGXZaKf98cDaoeosOHS9itonYbMNgsTiSqlaHO4dan1Uly1wtPcFtjHhUgMbv9/s1600/Growth+cracks+Butternut+Squash+004.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" rba="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhXQi1bApU6iM-0yB-3f05LLYrGt4cft1KsZxzbJn4u4hI-KaXnlVZBl2OvJanC2ogT_txTJSmuvuTzMDJGXZaKf98cDaoeosOHS9itonYbMNgsTiSqlaHO4dan1Uly1wtPcFtjHhUgMbv9/s320/Growth+cracks+Butternut+Squash+004.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><br />
The crystalline substance on the edge of the cracks is due to plant juices that oozed from the damaged tissue.Curtis Swifthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04955769955418470118noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7513102586918389391.post-50531911866428003982011-09-15T16:42:00.001-06:002011-09-15T16:44:03.406-06:00Pearleaf Blister Mite - no need to spray now!The pearleaf blister mite has been feeding on pear leaves all season. The damage it causes is minor even though the leaf below appears to be devasted by this mite. At this time of year there is no reason to spray as the leaves will be dropping soon anyway. <br />
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<tr><td style="border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg7e7pKesMznG8CJinHbDqO1R6Bm4LMME4ydIG_JEWVRaLWcBi5ZHii8jhR6358b9zgV71fIfN20ymBKEl62o6yK0U-b9atqAg5oC1kdjGp50biXuDZLOc_HvStVh9JEXA5XdCA06rcD66S/s1600/pearleaf+blister+mite+001.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; cssfloat: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="150" rba="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg7e7pKesMznG8CJinHbDqO1R6Bm4LMME4ydIG_JEWVRaLWcBi5ZHii8jhR6358b9zgV71fIfN20ymBKEl62o6yK0U-b9atqAg5oC1kdjGp50biXuDZLOc_HvStVh9JEXA5XdCA06rcD66S/s200/pearleaf+blister+mite+001.jpg" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Under side of the leaf</td></tr>
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<div style="border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none;">You can prevent this damage from being severe by treating your pear trees with a dormant oil spray in the spring just as the buds start to swell and the first hint of green appears. For a more indepth spray guide, check out the publication at <a href="http://www.ext.colostate.edu/pubs/garden/02800.html"> http://www.ext.colostate.edu/pubs/garden/02800.html</a>. </div> <br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgexV3hg4Ae16aSK1hmhdwIsTpz-_h6DAF8tkcRpQ3nWhq_FNO9aZUIHxfkv-NS6Swl0wP0Lcv6SjVJ_cuXjjay3R1cCWSCgo4ASXFEGdtmxbK7qnS-7GzpJPvqldcm4PYfbFN6P42bgOYU/s1600/pearleaf+blister+mite+002.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="150" rba="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgexV3hg4Ae16aSK1hmhdwIsTpz-_h6DAF8tkcRpQ3nWhq_FNO9aZUIHxfkv-NS6Swl0wP0Lcv6SjVJ_cuXjjay3R1cCWSCgo4ASXFEGdtmxbK7qnS-7GzpJPvqldcm4PYfbFN6P42bgOYU/s200/pearleaf+blister+mite+002.jpg" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Upper surface of the leaf.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>These mites live inside the leaf between the upper and lower surfaces. To see how they get into the leaf check out <a href="http://swiftsgardeningblog.blogspot.com/2010/06/brown-spots-on-pear-leaves.html">http://swiftsgardeningblog.blogspot.com/2010/06/brown-spots-on-pear-leaves.html</a>.Curtis Swifthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04955769955418470118noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7513102586918389391.post-73971022382636407512011-09-15T14:41:00.000-06:002011-09-15T14:41:18.419-06:00You can enhance winter hardiness of your grape vines by proper fall wateringHow do you ensure your vineyard, whether consisting of acres of vines, or just a few vines in your back yard, has the best chance of making it through the winter without suffering winter damage? <br />
<br />
At this time of year (September) you should stop watering your grapes to encourage them to acclimate properly for winter. While you can’t control the rains you can certainly turn off the watering system to your grape vines for the next month. If your vines are less than one year old watering should have been stopped by mid-August or even earlier. Young vines are much more vigorous than older vines and need more encouragement to acclimate properly for winter. Withholding water provides that encouragement. You should also avoid the application of any nitrogen fertilizer at this time of year as this can stimulate growth resulting in winter damage. <br />
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<strong><u>After the first fall frost (but no sooner than October 15)</u></strong><br />
<br />
Turn your irrigation system back on and thoroughly water the vineyard. The roots of your grapes may be three, four, or five feet deep thus it may take hours to apply enough water to fill the soil profile to the lower depth of the roots. <br />
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<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiJ1TYWYpjzWhJFSfQOBFL5vSI1hl46n5yFZx3Pq3iS-Vzro8V_QDVtPUGBNAesEVxB5TeCTtp2699Mi6A_smbMqSi6U19-_Nj3k4rhj5JyZc8QRC39bD89dlt715Z72FNoyd2hzx5-y7JB/s1600/Drip+irrigation+of+grapes+001.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; cssfloat: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="240" rba="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiJ1TYWYpjzWhJFSfQOBFL5vSI1hl46n5yFZx3Pq3iS-Vzro8V_QDVtPUGBNAesEVxB5TeCTtp2699Mi6A_smbMqSi6U19-_Nj3k4rhj5JyZc8QRC39bD89dlt715Z72FNoyd2hzx5-y7JB/s320/Drip+irrigation+of+grapes+001.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Drip tube running along the lower wire of the trellis.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>If your grapevines are irrigated by a drip system you may need to water for 8 to 10 hours per day for three days to apply adequate water. <br />
<br />
If you are using a sprinkler system apply a foot of water. Apply it slowly to allow it to be absorbed by the soil and not run off. Many sprinkler systems apply an inch of water or more per hour so you will need to turn off the sprinklers. This is much too fast for the water to be absorbed by the soil. When the water starts to run off. Wait an hour and turn the system back on. You may have to do this a number of times to apply the amount of water needed by the plants to carry them through until spring. <br />
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<strong><u>Ditch vs. Domestic Water</u></strong><br />
If you use irrigation water the ditch may be shut off before mid-October requiring you to irrigate earlier than the first frost. If you have access to treated water, delay this last application of water of the season until after October 15. Don’t make the mistake of using well water or water from a drain ditch to irrigate your vines unless you have tested it for salts and the sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) and been approved for irrigation use. Once you have watered for the last time of the season be sure to winterize the system to avoid winter damage and costly repairs next spring. If the winter is open and dry watering your vineyard in mid-winter is recommended. <br />
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The first fall frost in Mesa, Delta, Montrose, and Ouray counties varies with the community as can be seen on the web page at <a href="http://www.coopext.colostate.edu//TRA/PLANTS/climate.shtml">http://www.coopext.colostate.edu//TRA/PLANTS/climate.shtml</a> . <br />
<br />
<br />
Information on SAR is at <a href="http://www.coopext.colostate.edu/TRA/PLANTS/sar.html">http://www.coopext.colostate.edu/TRA/PLANTS/sar.html</a>. <br />
<br />
See the fact sheet on winterizing your irrigation system at <a href="http://www.ext.colostate.edu/pubs/crops/04719.html">http://www.ext.colostate.edu/pubs/crops/04719.html</a>. <br />
<br />
Information on winter watering is at <a href="http://www.ext.colostate.edu/pubs/garden/07211.pdf">http://www.ext.colostate.edu/pubs/garden/07211.pdf</a>.Curtis Swifthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04955769955418470118noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7513102586918389391.post-67638369379998457702011-09-13T17:47:00.000-06:002011-09-13T17:47:26.079-06:00Tomato Zippering<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi4bjXFnrMpIslLH-LJH5WPut1eJNGqEeGGmRWfejxjRpFgFNxOeUb3v7pFbYoFi1LrLgJKudekqyQK750dEJU7PvuQfL_SPvv4R76iZoZ26nTJnKIwhIeMctgeiIyxrWcUtcv3epqFAIAg/s1600/tomato+zipper+001.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; cssfloat: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" rba="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi4bjXFnrMpIslLH-LJH5WPut1eJNGqEeGGmRWfejxjRpFgFNxOeUb3v7pFbYoFi1LrLgJKudekqyQK750dEJU7PvuQfL_SPvv4R76iZoZ26nTJnKIwhIeMctgeiIyxrWcUtcv3epqFAIAg/s320/tomato+zipper+001.jpg" width="240" /></a></div><br />
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<br />
Sometimes damage to the fruit of a tomato plant can be caused by the weather. Zippering, obvious from the thin, brown, dead scar running from the stem scar down the side of the tomato, is one weather related problem we are current seeing. <br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi2rDfaCzZlFhuYc3nlk29b3sq-_grnMiIiRvvHOMt9cjFtcX4Lc9F9aub69wxfuBgH5KgxLD7wIQcNe_ejJa_XtIoRpkqlDNqGqWqVxHPc-Hjh5XPKUC7KYkcUDxSycX2up_KLuVauEFCa/s1600/tomato+zipper+004.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; cssfloat: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" rba="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi2rDfaCzZlFhuYc3nlk29b3sq-_grnMiIiRvvHOMt9cjFtcX4Lc9F9aub69wxfuBgH5KgxLD7wIQcNe_ejJa_XtIoRpkqlDNqGqWqVxHPc-Hjh5XPKUC7KYkcUDxSycX2up_KLuVauEFCa/s320/tomato+zipper+004.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><br />
Sometimes a small protrusion develops at the end of the zipper. Formed by anthers, the male parts of the flower, sticking to the newly forming fruit, zippers are more common when early fruit development occurs in cool weather.<br />
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Sometimes a hole opening into the locule forms. In this instance there is a small hole but it does not extend into the locule. <br />
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<div style="border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhYLrMkKyTUWTA3waIoVgDn_EDlxcqXCl-8aOzDD9FWH7gOJW5C4sMAfxDd3A8itb6POFaKnuKBJN_Lfw5b9yBonCuxKXFQ8Df09Mi7-oLmc0-4ukFHfFRM2DXqo5j0Sh-IBTpUMvddtjGj/s1600/zippering+001.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; cssfloat: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" rba="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhYLrMkKyTUWTA3waIoVgDn_EDlxcqXCl-8aOzDD9FWH7gOJW5C4sMAfxDd3A8itb6POFaKnuKBJN_Lfw5b9yBonCuxKXFQ8Df09Mi7-oLmc0-4ukFHfFRM2DXqo5j0Sh-IBTpUMvddtjGj/s320/zippering+001.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div style="border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none;"><br />
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</div><div style="border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none;">See <a href="http://plantpath.caes.uga.edu/extension/plants/vegetables/TomatoZippering.html">http://plantpath.caes.uga.edu/extension/plants/vegetables/TomatoZippering.html</a> for what happens when the hole extends into the locule.</div>Curtis Swifthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04955769955418470118noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7513102586918389391.post-5594142007669975752011-09-12T10:23:00.000-06:002011-09-12T10:23:29.098-06:00Leaks in Irrigation System may be obvious. <table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiGd3HMUSaw2nGEOlTAPtzwltk2HIgV96cR1f7jJXipBAcG70PFPp8SopWqr5_mjdwCvFIZk_updSbI8HM3xZg69sxAZug1JKIWZGVSt2W2k4Zw9EO4GLDLrI4ieRidWllE-uoFoeKe-jop/s1600/Water+Break+at+Hawthorn+Park+001.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="240" nba="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiGd3HMUSaw2nGEOlTAPtzwltk2HIgV96cR1f7jJXipBAcG70PFPp8SopWqr5_mjdwCvFIZk_updSbI8HM3xZg69sxAZug1JKIWZGVSt2W2k4Zw9EO4GLDLrI4ieRidWllE-uoFoeKe-jop/s320/Water+Break+at+Hawthorn+Park+001.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Sand and gravel on the sidewalk can be evidience of a leak<br />
in your underground irrigation system.</td></tr>
</tbody></table> <div style="border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none;">Soil and gravel is being flushed onto the sidewalk by a broken sprinkler head or broken irrigation pipe. Note the area washed clean by the leak and the dirt on either side. This leak needs to be fixed or the concrete sidewalk will be undermined and fail. The repair will also help reduce water use. When you notice something like this happening be a good neighbor and let the owner know. </div><div style="border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none;"></div><br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEir9d7Be5IgRcLc5daPy_dPitFAyeK8Wd-NrckbaqKz1WKYjZXnMMVD9qXgoNEjHA4eFV0cBnTOYq-lL6XpgUDJcNmhbTuQh9TK35FPNNl3ZqtSNypaMR9kgi8O4BRFYmT_dNObgQZ773Gr/s1600/Water+Break+at+Hawthorn+Park+004.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" nba="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEir9d7Be5IgRcLc5daPy_dPitFAyeK8Wd-NrckbaqKz1WKYjZXnMMVD9qXgoNEjHA4eFV0cBnTOYq-lL6XpgUDJcNmhbTuQh9TK35FPNNl3ZqtSNypaMR9kgi8O4BRFYmT_dNObgQZ773Gr/s320/Water+Break+at+Hawthorn+Park+004.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>Note where the water is flooding out between the sidewalk and grass and has washed the sidewalk clean.<br />
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<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjMxqd4lLzZ7LcMRyrqIMcIiVvvnEDXIaQ575-EReHHeyH-rh5vZCzKrgiKC9JQhqd4jj8qMK_TmNWfbOxuWV5nc_-b992HmVygVSfC2xhWirVPuMeBqdITKR-eTNGQ_prv0mEBok0RjbMr/s1600/Water+Break+at+Hawthorn+Park+002.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; cssfloat: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="240" nba="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjMxqd4lLzZ7LcMRyrqIMcIiVvvnEDXIaQ575-EReHHeyH-rh5vZCzKrgiKC9JQhqd4jj8qMK_TmNWfbOxuWV5nc_-b992HmVygVSfC2xhWirVPuMeBqdITKR-eTNGQ_prv0mEBok0RjbMr/s320/Water+Break+at+Hawthorn+Park+002.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Closeup of point where water is escaping to the surface.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>Curtis Swifthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04955769955418470118noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7513102586918389391.post-1745537728507305962011-08-29T14:06:00.001-06:002011-08-29T14:10:36.317-06:00Peachtree borer identification and control <span style="font-family: "Arial", "sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">The peachtree borer, AKA peach crown borer, (<em><span style="font-family: "Arial", "sans-serif";">Synanthedon exitiosa</span></em><em><span style="font-family: "Arial", "sans-serif"; font-style: normal; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">)</span></em><em><span style="font-family: "Arial", "sans-serif";"> </span></em>is a major pest of peach, nectarines, cherries, plums and other members of the genus <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Prunus</i> whether grown for fruit production or as an ornamental.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The adult is a clear-wing moth resembling a wasp.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>“The female is dark metallic blue with a broad, reddish orange band around the body on the fourth abdominal segment. The male is smaller with a shiny, dark metallic blue body”. <a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=7513102586918389391&postID=174553772850730596#_edn1" name="_ednref1" style="mso-endnote-id: edn1;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial", "sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[i]</span></span></span></span></a> </span> <br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgmwWZR9ggg6iGfilZsyXNsrCtaLJAYESJnGgRlzyMxHIkuRySGCfaS3Bp7ajcbVyU7Y_XpW6nqAHp14ZDiNxwQbWYff-DT3lm9LqqA_SUMeRNbJZ8tE9M-S2qhLLxCOpQMQPHutFH07ABv/s1600/male.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="308" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgmwWZR9ggg6iGfilZsyXNsrCtaLJAYESJnGgRlzyMxHIkuRySGCfaS3Bp7ajcbVyU7Y_XpW6nqAHp14ZDiNxwQbWYff-DT3lm9LqqA_SUMeRNbJZ8tE9M-S2qhLLxCOpQMQPHutFH07ABv/s320/male.gif" width="230" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">male</td></tr>
</tbody></table> <br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgW1QWd2038gN6K5rYETlGRtUjOGwXX-gH-6NYgtU65Jhr6YwB4ozqThfms618NvBXThJNHiAfWP_knK0xVg3IRWdFChKRvvt5eQi1QkKLZTMpFr6W_8T9NVscyc8wQskzE3oZDoM8qrfY1/s1600/female.gif" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; cssfloat: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="308" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgW1QWd2038gN6K5rYETlGRtUjOGwXX-gH-6NYgtU65Jhr6YwB4ozqThfms618NvBXThJNHiAfWP_knK0xVg3IRWdFChKRvvt5eQi1QkKLZTMpFr6W_8T9NVscyc8wQskzE3oZDoM8qrfY1/s320/female.gif" width="231" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">female</td></tr>
</tbody></table>Male and female photos courtesy of <a href="http://www3.telus.net/conrad/insects/peachtr2.html">http://www3.telus.net/conrad/insects/peachtr2.html</a> <br />
<br />
When eggs are laid at the base of a peach or other stone fruit tree, the worms eat through the bark and feed on the cambium and inner bark (phloem) of the tree. Both the lower portion of the trunk and the upper roots are damaged. <br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjb5rz36RzWyJgX7KyZjkOnX7Lviw-LaJBbrirY0FNf6yGaTBPlN1A-Cs0ojSeDvu3uCssjcZTIgRpsZXHLOBSQ0h4NPgPUFFrJD_UmOLGUglqYS80-bJnqsUxa2RqHV9Bih34kfoWIyUST/s1600/Crown+Borer+and+Cytospora+on+peach+001.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjb5rz36RzWyJgX7KyZjkOnX7Lviw-LaJBbrirY0FNf6yGaTBPlN1A-Cs0ojSeDvu3uCssjcZTIgRpsZXHLOBSQ0h4NPgPUFFrJD_UmOLGUglqYS80-bJnqsUxa2RqHV9Bih34kfoWIyUST/s320/Crown+Borer+and+Cytospora+on+peach+001.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Figure 3: The initial feeding activity of the borer will appear <br />
as translucent goo that oozes from the ground.</td></tr>
</tbody></table><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiNA3U_e_iH4e4T19y51HO8W5fhW-nbewNBiZKL8UnbynyGBnaxgPQPpN3ySNbPB0OrZpHf5isN0_aFPMkVIRFoYYJRFODC7WjMeHkyo9E7-5hRfjlszenDQg_JRblJZxQikqFnIjjTqdzW/s1600/August+16+2011+062.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiNA3U_e_iH4e4T19y51HO8W5fhW-nbewNBiZKL8UnbynyGBnaxgPQPpN3ySNbPB0OrZpHf5isN0_aFPMkVIRFoYYJRFODC7WjMeHkyo9E7-5hRfjlszenDQg_JRblJZxQikqFnIjjTqdzW/s320/August+16+2011+062.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"> Figure 4: As the feeding continues, the goo will be colored by the frass produced by the feeding activity of the borer. This photo shows boring dust on the lower part of the trunk, black crusty goo, and pupal cases left behind when moths emerged. </td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEifMVtIi9S9TIOQ-_SAekaZ4ppHq_GxvwtltjvNEiECZ4LYut7RaaJSNKSYAOb6iF-mgl9jBRXXh-Q8cPWlGIkF5DPs0FDu6qkP0gxzpICOLBB-vJ34FUyjT9reNNl797nhhKQpUse-qLPc/s1600/August+16+2011+011.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEifMVtIi9S9TIOQ-_SAekaZ4ppHq_GxvwtltjvNEiECZ4LYut7RaaJSNKSYAOb6iF-mgl9jBRXXh-Q8cPWlGIkF5DPs0FDu6qkP0gxzpICOLBB-vJ34FUyjT9reNNl797nhhKQpUse-qLPc/s320/August+16+2011+011.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Figure 5: When you remove some of the crusty goo from the base of the tree you will often find clear goo underneath. </td></tr>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial", "sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">A peach tree damaged by this insect may take years to die.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The tree may die one branch at a time, or the whole tree may collapse over night.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The leaves on a limb with damaged roots may yellow one day and drop to the ground the next day.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The Fruit on a borer-infested tree will become dried up mummies.</span></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjVcGKgn6OqgSUF2u_Tn7ecKzzVZdsXGO7ygKwiXe1HdhV2xoxCZywohcNq8cWD-ezTY-S0ma9FU8xQiYDxy082ByRBt9dXa2ANfGcpRZ9F20Gk8UnW7q4ccqauhvxVhbAEPrwYAqMbRnzW/s1600/August+16+2011+069.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjVcGKgn6OqgSUF2u_Tn7ecKzzVZdsXGO7ygKwiXe1HdhV2xoxCZywohcNq8cWD-ezTY-S0ma9FU8xQiYDxy082ByRBt9dXa2ANfGcpRZ9F20Gk8UnW7q4ccqauhvxVhbAEPrwYAqMbRnzW/s320/August+16+2011+069.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><div class="MsoCaption" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><strong><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="color: #4f81bd;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt;">Figure </span><span style="font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt;"><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">6</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt;"><span style="color: #4f81bd;">: Nutrient uptake is hampered by the feeding activity of the borer causing </span><a href="http://www.coopext.colostate.edu/TRA/PLANTS/Chlorosis.pdf"><span style="color: purple;">chlorosis</span></a><span style="color: #4f81bd;"> as shown on the left side of this tree.</span></span></span></strong></div></td></tr>
</tbody></table><b><span style="font-size: large;">Control</span></b><br />
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<strong>The Soil Drench Method</strong><br />
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An insecticide drench with a relatively lengthy residual needs to be applied to the base of the tree in sufficient quantity to soak the ground. Since the entry point of this insect can be up to 8 inches above the soil line soaking the trunk to at least that height is important. Applications of carbaryl, permethrin, and esfenvalerate are recommended at the first of July and again at the beginning of August. If other products are used the length of time between applications will need to be adjusted based on the residual effect of the product. Do not apply these products within 14 days of harvest. When these sprays are missed, you can expect damage to your peach trees and other stone fruit trees and shrubs<strong>.</strong> <br />
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<strong>Para-dichlorobenzen (PDB)</strong><br />
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Prior to 2009 the root systems of peach tree borer infested trees were fumigated using para-dichlorobenzene (PDB). This crystalline material is sold as moth balls and moth flakes. The crystals were placed in a shallow trench several inches out from the base of the tree or shrub and covered with a shallow layer of soil to contain the fumes. The fumes found their way through the goo to the borers feeding on the tree. This procedure was done in the fall when soil temperatures were above 50 degrees Fahrenheit. PDB can also damage plant tissue if placed directly against the bark of the tree. PDB did not replace the basal drenches recommended above but was a great way to clean up an infestation when a spray was missed or inadequate. PDB should not be confused with the moth balls and flakes containing naphthalene.<br />
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On October 31, 2006, Fertilome voluntarily requested US EPA terminate all uses of Fertilome Tree Borer Crystals. The product was registered for use on fruit trees but was no longer being produced in the United States. [2]<br />
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The Label is the Law</strong><br />
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“Using a registered pesticide like mothballs against a pest not listed on the label is legal unless (1) the pesticide is used on a site not specified on the labeling or (2) the label specifically restricts the pests against which the pesticide may be used (e.g. “for use only against ants”). [3]<br />
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The container of Enoz Moth Ice Crystals I purchased on August 29, 2011, at the True Value Hardware store on Orchard Mesa does not specifically specify a site or restrict the products use against a specific pest. Based on the EPA statement at the beginning of this paragraph it appears this product can be legally used to fumigate the roots of peach tree borer infested trees. <br />
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<strong>Hand Worming</strong><br />
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Hand worming is accomplished by removing the soil and goo around the base of the tree, finding the tunnels and pushing a flexible wire into the burrow to kill the borer. Hand worming is a major task especially when there are several hundred borer-infested trees to treat.<br />
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<strong>Mating Disruption</strong><br />
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Some of the commercial peach orchards I walked this summer had globs of goo erupting from the soil at the base of their trees. Some growers have tried using pheromones to disrupt the mating flight of the moths and the reports are favorable as long as neighboring orchards are treated in the same manner. [4]<br />
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<strong>Nematodes</strong><br />
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The use of insect parasitic nematodes such as <em>Steinernema carpocapsae</em>, <em>S. feltiae</em>, <em>S. glaseri,</em> <em>Heterorhabditis heliothidis</em> and <em>H. bacteriophora</em> are effective control options. The wrong type of soil, the wrong pH, chemicals in the soil, improper soil temperature, and many other factors affect the success of nematodes in their hunt for these borers. <br />
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<strong>A Quick Summary</strong><br />
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Peach growers, whether backyard or commercial, will need to ensure they don’t miss the treatments necessary to control the peach tree borer, or they run the risk of losing their trees to this pest.<strong> </strong><br />
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[1] <a href="http://ento.psu.edu/extension/factsheets/peachtree-borer">http://ento.psu.edu/extension/factsheets/peachtree-borer</a> <br />
[2] <a href="http://www.regulations.gov/#!documentDetail;D=EPA-HQ-OPP-2006-0934-0001">http://www.regulations.gov/#!documentDetail;D=EPA-HQ-OPP-2006-0934-0001</a><br />
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[3] <a href="http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/regulating/labels/label_review_faq.htm#exception">http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/regulating/labels/label_review_faq.htm#exception</a><br />
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[4]<a href="http://oregonstate.edu/dept/nurspest/peach_tree_borer.htm">http://oregonstate.edu/dept/nurspest/peach_tree_borer.htm</a><br />
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</a>Curtis Swifthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04955769955418470118noreply@blogger.com0